Verbena hastata

V. hastata grows as a stiffly erect stem, occasionally branching in the upper half, reaching up to tall. The stems are four-angled (square), hairy, and green to reddish in color. Leaves are opposite, simple, and measure up to long and across. They have doubly-serrate margins and a variety of shapes, from lanceolate to ovate, and may have 2 lateral lobes. The inflorescence is a panicle, or group, of flowering spikes, up to long at the end of the upper stems. Each flowering spike in the panicle is up to long, with densely packed, numerous 5-lobed flowers, which measure up to long. == Phytochemicals ==

Verbena hastata contains lophirone  C, lophirone B, verbenalin, verbascoside, luteolin, oleanolic acid, ursolic acid, and the naphthoquinone derivative 4,9-dihydroxy-α-lapachone. ==Taxonomy==

This species is a member of the diploid North American vervains which have 14 chromosomes altogether. Hybridization seems to have played some role in its evolution, presumably between some member of a group including the white vervain (V. urticifolia), V. lasiostachys or V. menthifolia, and V. orcuttiana or a related species. In the recent evolutionary past, there has been an incident of chloroplast transfer of one of the latter or the swamp verbena to the mock vervain Glandularia bipinnatifida which is a close relative of the genus Verbena. It is unknown by what mechanism this happened, but it is suspected that hybridization is not responsible. ==Etymology==

The Latin specific epithet hastata means "spear-shaped". ==Distribution and habitat==

V. hastata is native in the United States in all states except Alaska and Hawaii. In Canada, it is native in the provinces of British Columbia, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island. ==Ecology==

The flowers bloom from mid- to late summer. the verbena moth (Crambodes talidiformis), and the verbena bud moth (Endothenia hebesana). ==Footnotes==