Lophotrochozoa was defined in 1995 as the "last common ancestor of the three traditional
lophophorate taxa (
brachiopods,
bryozoans, and
phoronid worms), the
mollusks and the
annelids, and all of the descendants of that common ancestor". It is a
cladistic definition (a node-based name), so the affiliation to Lophotrochozoa of spiralian groups not mentioned directly in the definition depends on the topology of the
spiralian tree of life, and in some phylogenetic hypotheses, Lophotrochozoa may even be synonymous to Spiralia.
Nemertea and
Orthonectida (if not directly considered as part of
Annelida) are probably lophotrochozoan phyla;
Dicyemida,
Gastrotricha, and
Platyhelminthes may be lophotrochozoans or placed in the
Rouphozoa clade outside Lophotrochozoa;
Chaetognatha,
Gnathostomulida,
Micrognathozoa, and
Syndermata are probably
gnathiferans and so placed as a basal spiralian clade outside Lophotrochozoa;
Cycliophora could be a gnathiferan or a lophotrochozoan phylum. One of the candidate hypotheses is presented below. The Lophotrochozoa has basal
Cycliophora and
Mollusca groups, and more derived
Lophophorate,
Nemertea and
Annelida groups. With the introduction of
Platytrochozoa and
Rouphozoa, one candidate phylogeny is pictured below – though other studies recover a range of alternative possibilities: Another study recovers Lophotrochozoa as equivalent to Platytrochozoa, forming a sister group with
Gnathifera at the base of
Spiralia. In the most recent research,
Lophophorata was not recovered. The three phyla Cycliophora, Entoprocta and Bryozoa makes up a single clade Polyzoa and are the first to branch off from the other lophotrochozoans (trochozoans). The second split is the molluscs, and the third consists of two sister phyla, annelids and nemerteans. Lastly remains the clade that consist of the phoronids and the brachiopods. A number of fossil taxa can be identified as early Lophotrochozoans, even if their precise affinity remains contested. However, relevant Cambrian fossils are debated. ==Characteristics==