1970–2007 He was a lecturer at the
University of Oxford from 1970 to 1977 and served as a professor of economics at the
University of Warwick from 1978 to 1987. From 1986 to 1993 he taught at the
London School of Economics, becoming the Sir
John Hicks Professor of Economics. From 1994 until 1999 he was the Chief Economist and Special Counsellor to the President of the
European Bank for Reconstruction and Development. His research focused on
economic development and growth, and he also wrote books on
Kenya and the
Green Revolution in India. Since 1999, he has been a member of the International Advisory Council of the Center for Social and Economic Research (CASE). From 1999 until 2000 Stern was Chairman of the consultancy London Economics founded by
John Kay. From 2000 to 2003 he was the
Chief Economist and Senior Vice-president of the World Bank. Stern was then recruited by
Gordon Brown, then
Chancellor of the Exchequer, to work for the British government where, in 2003, he became second permanent secretary at
HM Treasury, initially with responsibility for public finances, and head of the
Government Economic Service. Having also been Director of Policy and Research for the
Commission for Africa, in July 2005 he was appointed to conduct reviews on the economics of
climate change and also of development, which led to the publication of the
Stern Review. At the time, he ceased to be a second permanent secretary at the Treasury, though he retained the rank until retirement in 2007; the review team he headed was based in the
Cabinet Office. It was reported that Stern's time at the Treasury was marked by tensions with his boss, Gordon Brown: ... several
Whitehall sources told
The Times that Mr Brown did not like some of the advice he received from Sir Nicholas, including some "home truths" about long-term trends in the economy and he never broke into the chancellor's tight-knit inner circle. ... He subsequently lacked a real role and spent most of his time working on major international reports on global warming and alleviating poverty in Africa. His doom-laden report on the risks of failing to address
climate change, published in October, caused tensions within the Government by triggering a debate on environmental taxes and leading to calls for big policy changes.
The Stern Review (2005—2006) The
Stern Review Report on the Economics of Climate Change was produced by a team led by Stern at HM Treasury, and was released in October 2006. In the review,
climate change is described as an economic
externality, which is a type of
market failure. Stern has subsequently referred to the climate change externality as the largest ever market failure: Climate change is a result of the greatest market failure the world has seen. The evidence on the seriousness of the risks from inaction or delayed action is now overwhelming ... The problem of climate change involves a fundamental failure of markets: those who damage others by emitting greenhouse gases generally do not pay Regulation,
carbon taxes and
carbon trading, along with pollution permits and property rights, are recommended to reduce
greenhouse gas emissions. It is argued that the world economy can lower its greenhouse gas emissions at a significant but manageable cost. The review concludes that immediate reductions of greenhouse gas emissions are necessary to reduce the worst
risks of climate change. The review's conclusions were widely reported in the press. Stern's relatively large cost estimates of 'business-as-usual' climate change damages received particular attention. These are the estimated damages that might occur should no further effort be made to cut greenhouse gas emissions. annual meeting in
Davos, January 2009 There has been a mixed reaction to the Stern Review from economists. Several economists have been critical of the review, Some have supported the Review, while others have argued that Stern's conclusions are reasonable, even if the method by which he reached them is incorrect. Stern has also gone on to say that he underestimated the risks of climate change in the Stern Review. Stern's approach to
discounting has been debated amongst economists. The discount rate allows economic effects occurring at different times to be compared. Stern used a discount rate in his calculation of the effects of "business-as-usual" climate change damages. A high discount rate reduces the calculated benefit of reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Using too low a discount rate wastes resources because it will result in too much investment in cutting emissions (Arrow
et al., 1996, p. 130). Too high a discount rate will have the opposite effect, and lead to under-investment in cutting emissions. Most studies on the damages of climate change use a higher discount rate than that used in the Stern Review. Some economists support Stern's choice of discount rate (Cline, 2008; Shah, 2008 while others are critical (Yohe and Tol, 2008; Nordhaus, 2007). Another criticism of the Stern Review is that it is a political rather than an analytical document. Writing in the
Daily Telegraph newspaper, columnist
Charles Moore compared the Stern Review to the UK Government's "
dodgy dossier" on Iraqi
weapons of mass destruction.
2007—present In a speech given in 2007 at the Australian
National Press Club, Stern called for one per cent of
gross global product to be employed in
global warming-related environmental measures. He also joined the
Cool Earth advisory board. In 2009, Stern linked recovery from the
global economic crisis with an effective response to climate change. His book,
Blueprint for a Safer Planet, was published in April 2009. In June 2007, Stern became the first holder of the
I. G. Patel Chair at the
London School of Economics. In 2007, Nicholas Stern joined IDEAglobal as vice-chairman. In 2008, he was appointed Chair of the
Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment, a major new research centre also at LSE. He is Chair of the Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy at Leeds University and LSE. Stern is co-chair of the Global Commission for the Economy and Climate, with
Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala and
Paul Polman. In 2009, he published the non-fiction literary work,
The Global Deal: Climate Change and the Creation of a New Era of Progress and Prosperity. The book examines climate change from an economist's perspective, and outlines the necessary steps toward achieving global economic growth while managing climate change. In 2009, he also became a member of the International Advisory Council of the Chinese
sovereign wealth fund China Investment Corporation. Stern is an advocate of vegetarianism as a
climate change mitigation element. He is a member of the scientific committee of the
Fundacion IDEAS, Spain's Socialist Party's think tank. In 2015, he was co-author of the report that launched the
Global Apollo Programme, which calls for developed nations to commit to spending 0.02% of their GDP for 10 years, to fund co-ordinated research to make
carbon-free baseload electricity less costly than
electricity from coal by the year 2025. After the successful
United Nations Climate Change Conference in Paris (mid-December 2015), Stern appeared optimistic, saying, "If we get this right, it will be more powerful than the
Industrial Revolution. A green race is going on." He also said In November 2015 he was commissioned by the UK Minister of Universities and Science, Jo Johnson, to chair a review of the Research Excellence Framework (REF) that is used in assessing the research performance of universities and research institutes in the UK. The report was published in July 2016. In October2021, Stern released a working paper stating that economists had grossly undervalued young lives in relation to the climate crisis. The manuscript is due to be published in the
Economic Journal of the
Royal Economic Society. == Awards and honours ==