Simpson was born in
Jamaica, the son of Rosalind (née Marantz) and Aston Simpson, a
lawyer. His father was of
Scottish and African ancestry. His mother was born in Russia (Simpson did not find out that he was of
Jewish descent until his teenage years). At the age of 17, he emigrated to the United States and began attending
Columbia University, where he studied under
Mark Van Doren. During
World War II, from 1943 to 1945 he was a member of the elite
101st Airborne Division and would fight in
France, the
Netherlands,
Belgium, and
Germany. Simpson was a runner for the company captain, which involved transporting orders from company headquarters to officers on the front line. His company was involved in a very bloody battle with German forces on the west bank of what is now the Carentan France Marina - Simpson wrote his poem "Carentan O Carentan" about the experience of US troops being ambushed there. In the Netherlands, he was involved in
Market Garden and
Opheusden fighting. At
Veghel his company suffered 21 killed in a brutal shelling while in the local church yard. At
Bastogne bitterly cold temperatures had to be endured while the 101st Division was surrounded by enemy forces for days. After the end of the war he attended the
University of Paris. and completed his M.A. and
Ph.D. at Columbia University in 1950 and 1959, respectively. His first book was
The Arrivistes, published in 1949. It was hailed for its strong formal verse, but Simpson later moved away from the style of his early successes and embraced a spare brand of free verse. He taught at universities including Columbia, the
University of California-Berkeley, and the
State University of New York at Stony Brook. He also briefly taught at
The Stony Brook School prior to his retirement. Simpson's lifelong expatriate status has influenced his poetry, and he often uses the lives of ordinary Americans in order to critically investigate the myths the country tells itself. Although he occasionally revisits the West Indies of his childhood, he always keeps one foot in his adopted country. The outsider's perspective allows him to confront "the terror and beauty of life with a wry sense of humor and a mysterious sense of fate," wrote
Edward Hirsch of
The Washington Post. Elsewhere Hirsch described Simpson's Pulitzer Prize–winning collection,
At the End of the Open Road, as "a sustained meditation on the American character," noting, "The moral genius of this book is that it traverses the open road of American mythology and brings us back to ourselves; it sees us not as we wish to be but as we are."
Collected Poems (1988) and
There You Are (1995) focus on the lives of everyday citizens, using simple diction and narratives to expose the bewildering reality of the American dream. Poet
Mark Jarman hailed Simpson as "a poet of the American character and vernacular." Simpson lived on the
North Shore of Long Island, near
Stony Brook, New York. He died on September 14, 2012. ==Awards==