Lourdes Casal

Lourdes Emilia de la Caridad Casal y Valdés was born on 5 April 1938 in Havana to Emilia Valdés, a teacher, and Pedro Casal, a dentist and physician. Her family was of mixed-racial descent, including African, Chinese and Spanish ancestry. She was privately educated until 1951, when she entered Institute No. 2 in El Vedado. She graduated in 1954 with a bachelor's degree in science and letters with the simultaneous certification as a land appraiser and surveyor. Furthering her studies, Casal enrolled in St. Thomas of Villanova Catholic University (Villanova), pursuing a degree in chemical engineering. She became editor of several publications while she was studying, including Memoria and Revista Insula, as well as a regular contributor to the newspaper El Quibú. She joined the Cultural Association and served as its Secretary General and became president of the women's group of the Catholic Youth Organization, () of Villanova. She won the second prize of the 1956-1957 term literary competition with a paper on the work of Father Félix Varela, which led her to change direction the following term and enroll in the school of psychology. As the country radicalized, Casal became involved with the Catholic elements of the 26th of July Movement participating with other students from Villanova. == Career ==

Professorship Settling in New York in 1962, Casal enrolled in psychology courses at the New School for Social Research and completed her master's degree in 1962. She taught at the City University of New York and simultaneously began a prolific writing career. Her works focused on her need to understand people; she analyzed topics in literature, politics, and the social sciences. Casal later moved to Rutgers University She also taught at Dominican College of Blauvelt. Writings Casal wrote many poems and articles about Cuba and exploring what it meant to be an exile. Racial and social inequality, the suppressive politics of both her homeland and adopted home, and struggle to understand changed Casal from an opponent to a supporter of the Cuban government in the early 1970s. When President Jimmy Carter agreed to allow a selected group of Cubans to return in 1978, Casal assisted in drafting the list of participants. The meeting, which became known as "The Dialogue" () brought members of the Cuban diaspora to Havana to discuss points of interest with Cuban officials. The members of the Brigade were born mostly in the United States or Puerto Rico and were allowed to return to Cuba as a result of "The Dialogue". The Cuban government welcomed and accepted these former exiles, using different forms of propaganda that catered to them. This raid and other raids like it resulted in violence against LGBTQ+ people in Cuba. Even though homosexuality was persecuted against, Casal did not criticize this persecution or the Cuban government. In Cuban revolutionary politics, the idea of being homosexual and a revolutionary seemed to be impossible. Hiding ones' sexuality was a common practice for many members of the Revolution, including those who occupied higher ranks within the government. Casal believed the suppression of her homosexuality to be a necessary price to pay in order to feel connected to Cuba. She aimed not to become a further target for those who opposed her writing and activism. == Legacy ==

Casal died on 1 February 1981, aged 41 in Havana from complications of her illnesses. Her final work, Polabras juntan revolución (Words Join Revolution) received the Casa de las Américas Prize, posthumously shortly after her death. The impact she had on Cubans internationally left an important legacy for having begun the conversation between Cuban politicians and refugees through both her writing and advocacy. Her stance on reconciliation between the diaspora and Cuban politicians and support of the regime, impacted her status as an exile and for a period of time, she was omitted from Cuban-American literature compilations. A reawakening of her legacy coincided with talks of normalization of the US/Cuban relationship at the turn of the 21st century. ==See also==