Early years Leloir's parents, Federico Augusto Rufino and Hortencia Aguirre de Leloir, traveled from Buenos Aires to Paris in the middle of 1906 with the intention of treating Federico's illness. However, Federico died in late August, and a week later Luis was born in an old house at 81 Víctor Hugo Road in Paris, a few blocks away from the
Arc de Triomphe. After returning to Argentina in 1908, Leloir lived together with his eight siblings on their family's extensive property
El Tuyú that his grandparents had purchased after their immigration from the
Basque Country of northern
Spain: El Tuyú comprises 400 km2 of sandy land along the coastline from
San Clemente del Tuyú to
Mar de Ajó which has since become a popular tourist attraction. During his childhood, the future Nobel Prize winner found himself observing natural phenomena with particular interest; his schoolwork and readings highlighted the connections between the natural sciences and biology. His education was divided between Escuela General San Martín (primary school),
Colegio Lacordaire (secondary school), and for a few months at
Beaumont College in
England. His grades were unspectacular, and his first stint in college ended quickly when he abandoned his architectural studies that he had begun in Paris' . It was during the 1920s that Leloir invented
salsa golf (golf sauce). After being served prawns with the usual sauce during lunch with a group of friends at the Ocean Club in Mar del Plata, Leloir came up with a peculiar combination of ketchup and mayonnaise to spice up his meal. With the financial difficulties that later plagued Leloir's laboratories and research, he would joke, "If I had patented that sauce, we'd have a lot more money for research right now."
Career Buenos Aires After returning again to
Argentina, Leloir obtained his Argentine citizenship and joined the Department of Medicine at the
University of Buenos Aires in hopes of receiving his doctorate. However, he got off to a rocky start, requiring four attempts to pass his anatomy exam. He finally received his diploma in 1932 and began his residency in the
Hospital de Clínicas and his medical internship in Ramos Mejía hospital. After some initial conflicts with colleagues and complications in his method of treating patients, Leloir decided to dedicate himself to research in the laboratory, claiming that "we could do little for our patients... antibiotics, psychoactive drugs, and all the new therapeutic agents were unknown [at the time]."
Cambridge After only two years, Leloir received recognition from the medical department at the University of Buenos Aires for having produced the best doctoral thesis. Feeling that his knowledge in fields such as
physics,
mathematics,
chemistry, and
biology is lacking, he continued attending classes at the university as a part-time student. In 1936 he traveled to England to begin advanced studies at the
University of Cambridge, under the supervision of another Nobel Prize winner, Sir
Frederick Gowland Hopkins, who had obtained that distinction in 1929 for his work in
physiology and in revealing the critical role of
vitamins in maintaining good health. Leloir's research in the Biochemical Laboratory of Cambridge centered around
enzymes, more specifically the effects of
cyanide and
pyrophosphate on succinic dehydrogenase; from this moment Leloir began to specialize in researching
carbohydrate metabolism.
United States Leloir returned to Buenos Aires in 1937 after his brief stay at Cambridge. 1943 saw Leloir marry; Luis Leloir and Amelia Zuberbuhler (1920-2013) would later have a daughter also named Amelia. However, his return to Argentina was amidst conflict and strife; Houssay had been expelled from the University of Buenos Aires for signing a public petition opposing the
Nazi regime in
Germany and the military government led by
Pedro Pablo Ramírez. Leloir fled to the
United States, where he assumed the position of associate professor in the Department of
Pharmacology at
Washington University School of Medicine in
St. Louis, collaborating with
Carl Cori and
Gerty Cori and thereafter worked with
David E. Green at the
Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons as a research assistant. Leloir would later credit Green with instilling within him the initiative to establish his own research in Argentina. During the final years of the 1940s, although lacking financial resources and operating with very low-cost teams, Leloir's successful experiments would reveal the chemical origins of sugar synthesis in
yeast as well as the
oxidation of
fatty acids in the liver; together with J. M. Muñoz, he produced an active cell-free system, a first in scientific research. It had initially been assumed that in order to study a cell, scientists could not separate it from its host organism, as oxidation could only occur in intact cells. Along the way, Muñoz and Leloir, unable to procure the costly refrigerated centrifuge needed to separate cell contents, improvised by spinning a tire stuffed with salt and ice. That same year, his colleague Caputto, in his investigations of the
mammary gland, made discoveries regarding carbohydrate storage and its subsequent transformation into a reserve energy form in organisms.
Sugar nucleotides . Leloir and his team discovered that in galactosemia, patients lacked the necessary enzyme (
Galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase) to convert unusable galactose into usable glucose. At the beginning of 1948, Leloir and his team identified the sugar nucleotides that were fundamental to the metabolism of carbohydrates, (now called the
Leloir pathway) and determined the cause of galactosemia, a serious
genetic disorder that resulted in
lactose intolerance. The following year, he reached an agreement with Rolando García, dean of the
Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences at the University of Buenos Aires, which named Leloir, Carlos Eugenio Cardini and Enrico Cabib as titular professors in the university's newly founded Biochemical Institute. The institute would help develop scientific programs in budding Argentine universities as well as attract researchers and scholars from the United States,
Japan, England, France, Spain, and other Latin American countries. Following Jaime Campomar's death in 1957, Leloir and his team applied to the
National Institutes of Health in the United States desperate for funding, and surprisingly was accepted. In 1958, the institute found a new home in a former all-girls school, a donation from the Argentine government. As Leloir and his research gained greater prominence, further research came from the Argentine Research Council, and the institute would later become associated with the University of Buenos Aires.
Later years In his later years Leloir continued to study glycogen and other aspects of carbohydrate metabolism. As his work in the laboratory was coming to an end, Leloir continued his teaching position in the Department of Natural Sciences at the University of Buenos Aires, taking a hiatus only to complete his studies at Cambridge and at the Enzyme Research Laboratory in the United States. In 1983, Leloir became one of the founding members of the Third World Academy of Sciences, later renamed
The World Academy of Sciences.
Nobel Prize On December 2, 1970, Leloir received the Nobel Prize for Chemistry from the King of
Sweden for his discovery of the
metabolic pathways in
lactose, becoming only the third Argentine to receive the prestigious honor in any field at the time. In his acceptance speech at
Stockholm, he borrowed from
Winston Churchill's famous 1940 speech to the
House of Commons and remarked, "never have I received so much for so little". Leloir and his team reportedly celebrated by drinking champagne from test tubes, a rare departure from the humility and frugality that characterized the atmosphere of Fundación Instituto Campomar under Leloir's direction. The $80,000 prize money was spent directly on research,
Legacy Leloir published a short autobiography, entitled "Long Ago and Far Away" in the 1983
Annual Review of Biochemistry. The title, Leloir claims, is derived from one of
William Henry Hudson's novels that depicted the country wildlife and scenery of Leloir's childhood. With his research in dire financial straits, Leloir often resorted to homemade gadgets and contraptions to continue his work in the laboratory. In one instance, Leloir reportedly used waterproof cardboard to create makeshift gutters in order to protect his laboratory's library from the rain. ==Awards and distinctions==