lymphadenopathies of testicular
seminoma embrace the
aorta.
Computed tomography image. Lymph node enlargement is recognized as a common sign of infectious, autoimmune, or malignant disease. Examples may include: • Reactive: acute
infection (e.g.,
bacterial, or
viral), or chronic infections (
tuberculous lymphadenitis,
cat-scratch disease). • The most distinctive sign of
bubonic plague is extreme swelling of one or more lymph nodes that bulge out of the skin as "buboes". The buboes often become
necrotic and may even rupture. •
Infectious mononucleosis is an acute viral infection usually caused by
Epstein-Barr virus and may be characterized by a marked enlargement of the
cervical lymph nodes. and human
African trypanosomiasis •
Toxoplasmosis, a
parasitic disease, gives a generalized lymphadenopathy (
Piringer-Kuchinka lymphadenopathy). • Mesenteric lymphadenitis after viral systemic infection (particularly in the
GALT in the appendix) can commonly present like
appendicitis. Infectious causes of lymphadenopathy may include bacterial infections such as
cat scratch disease,
tularemia,
brucellosis, or
prevotella, as well as fungal infections such as
paracoccidioidomycosis. •
Tumoral: • Primary:
Hodgkin lymphoma and
non-Hodgkin lymphoma give lymphadenopathy in all or a few lymph nodes. • Secondary:
metastasis,
Virchow's node,
neuroblastoma, and
chronic lymphocytic leukemia. •
Autoimmune:
systemic lupus erythematosus and
rheumatoid arthritis may have a generalized lymphadenopathy. "Lymphadenopathy syndrome" has been used to describe the first symptomatic stage of
HIV progression, preceding a diagnosis of AIDS. • Bites from certain
venomous snakes such as the
pit viper • Unknown:
Kikuchi disease,
progressive transformation of germinal centers,
sarcoidosis,
hyaline-vascular variant of Castleman's disease,
Rosai-Dorfman disease,
Kawasaki disease,
Kimura disease Benign (reactive) lymphadenopathy lymphadenopathy is a common biopsy finding, and may often be confused with
malignant lymphoma. It may be separated into major
morphologic patterns, each with its own
differential diagnosis with certain types of lymphoma. Most cases of
reactive follicular hyperplasia are easy to diagnose, but some cases may be confused with
follicular lymphoma. There are seven distinct patterns of benign lymphadenopathy: •
Paracortical hyperplasia/
Interfollicular hyperplasia: It is seen in viral infections, skin diseases, and nonspecific reactions. •
Sinus histiocytosis: It is seen in lymph nodes draining limbs, inflammatory lesions, and malignancies. •
Nodal extensive necrosis • Nodal
granulomatous inflammation • Nodal extensive
fibrosis (Connective tissue framework) •
Nodal deposition of interstitial substance These
morphological patterns are never pure. Thus, reactive follicular hyperplasia can have a component of paracortical hyperplasia. However, this distinction is important for the
differential diagnosis of the cause. ==Diagnosis==