Academic Anwar obtained his bachelor's and master's from the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology at the University of Dhaka in 1971 and 1972 respectively. He did his MSc thesis under the supervision of Kamaluddin Ahmad. Anwar joined Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology at the University of Dhaka as a lecturer on 1 January 1975. In 1982 Anwar was awarded a
Monbukagakusho Scholarship with which he pursued doctoral studies at
Kyoto University, Japan under the supervision of Kozi Asada. His Ph.D. thesis was titled "Photosynthesis: Plant's Defence Mechanism Against Photo-Oxidative Damage” and was awarded the degree in 1985. He became an assistant professor at 1985 and associate professor at 1990. From 1994 to till date he is working as a selection grade professor in the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Dhaka. He was Chairman of the Department from 2001 to 2003. Hossain was elected as Dean of the Biological Sciences and the Founding Project Director of Dhaka University's Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering. Currently he is also teaching in Biochemistry and Microbiology Department in North South University. He has, in the past, served as the elected General Secretary and President of the Dhaka University Teachers' Association (DUTA) for multiple terms. Hossain was elected as the vice-chancellor of
Jahangirnagar University (JU) on 17 July 2012, a position which he served till January 2014.
Research Hossain has conducted research with world renowned plant scientists, among whom are Joseph C. Arthur Distinguished Professor of Plant Physiology and Emeritus Professor of Botany and Plant Pathology of
Purdue University Thomas K Hodges, Japanese plant physiologist and Professor Emeritus of Kyoto University Kozi Asada, former president of the
Australian Academy of Science Jim Peacock and Professor Kamaluddin Ahmad. With over 1400 citations, Hossain is one of the most cited plant scientists in Bangladesh. His works have appeared in premier scientific journals including the
Journal of Biological Chemistry,
Plant Physiology, Plant Molecular Biology and Plant and Cell Physiology. Hossain serves in the Editorial Board of
Bioresearch Communications. After his PhD he returned to Bangladesh for 2–3 years, and then again went to Kyoto Prefectural University as a part of a Biotechnology Career Fellowship Program (1987–1990). This time he studied plant genetic engineering. From 1991 to 1994 and 1995–1996 he worked at Purdue University, USA and Kyoto University, Japan respectively as visiting scientist (full-time professor) during which he worked for developing submergence (flood) tolerant rice. After the fall of the Sheikh Hasina led Awami League government, Hossain was assaulted outside Shahjalal International Airport on 9 August 2024. The attackers allegedly said, "You spoke against Jamaat. We're going to slit your throat." ==Awards==