He took the
military exams. He became a military commander in the Qing Dynasty army and that of the
Republic of China. He served as a
mandarin official. During
Yang Zengxin's reign in
Xinjiang, Ma was appointed military commander of
Kucha and then Daotai of
Kashgar. His authority extended over all of southern Xinjiang and he commanded several hundred Hui and
Han Chinese soldiers. Brig. Gen. Yang and Col. Chin served under him. He was loyal to the Chinese government and a Muslim. Ma Shaowu had replaced fellow Hui
Ma Fuxing as Daotai, after shooting him on
Yang Zengxin's orders. Ma enforced anti-Soviet measures and preserved Chinese sovereignty in Xinjiang when the
Soviet Union tried to encroach on Chinese territory. He jailed a
Uighur called Akbar Ali, who was employed by the Soviet
consulate, for setting off a Uighur riot. The Uighurs were suppressed by 400
Hui troops. In 1932, Ma crushed a
Kirghiz revolt led by
Id Mirab and jailed several Kirghiz fighters including Osman Ali. When
Ma Zhongying invaded the province in 1932, Ma Shaowu—himself a Hui Muslim—commanded predominantly Han Chinese troops against the anti-provincial Uighur and Hui forces. He steadily lost control over southern Xinjiang, despite
Jin Shuren appointing him as Commander in Chief of all Chinese forces in the area, and was panicking. He sent Han Chinese troops to Khotan and Maral Bashi to fight against the anti-provincial forces, withdrew Chinese troops from Sarikol to Kashgar to reinforce the garrison and raised levies of Kirghiz. Ma faced an army of Uighurs and Hui from
Gansu under the command of
Timur Beg and
Ma Zhancang, when Ma Zhancang defected to Ma Shaowu after conducting negotiations and shot and beheaded Timur Beg. Ma Shaowu commanded a
Han Chinese garrison; his subordinates included Brig. Gen. Yang and Col. Chin. Then all of the Hui Muslims and Han Chinese gathered together and holed up in the
yamen, while the Turkic Muslims, the Kirghiz and Uighurs besieged them. During this time Ma Shaowu resigned as Tao-yin of Kashgar. When the independence of the
First East Turkestan Republic was declared the following year, at the
Battle of Kashgar (1934) Ma Zhancang and
Ma Fuyuan destroyed the Turkic army, massacring over 2,000 Uighurs and attacking the British consulate. Ma Fuyuan and Ma Zhancang then reinstated Ma Shaowu as Tao-yin of Kashgar. In 1934 Ma Shaowu was seriously injured in an assassination attempt ordered by
Sheng Shicai. Ma was sent to the Soviet Union for treatment, and recovered but on
crutches. He was walking with his son and wife when the assassination attempt happened. The child was unhurt, the wife slightly wounded and, even though Ma was shot in the legs, he dragged himself into a maize field. He got home on a donkey, a doctor was summoned and by the end of summer he was convalescing. Nobody was apprehended by the police for the attack. Two of his fingers were lost. Ma was interviewed by traveler
Peter Fleming in 1936, shortly after the assassination attempt. Fleming also visited the site of the assassination, where bloodstains were still present. He wore a long beige silk robe, had a
spittoon and spoke in precise
Peking speech. His son's name was Cho-ya. He was then sent to Moscow in the Soviet Union to complete medical treatment. He did not give direct answers, replying through a translator that "I lost my post when, as a result of the troubles, China lost her authority in Kashgar", referring to when he had to resign as taotai. After being sent to Moscow by train, he returned to
Ürümqi in 1936. In 1937, during the
Xinjiang War (1937), Ma Shaowu was accused by Soviet puppet
Sheng Shicai of being part of a "
Fascist-
Trotskyite" network, including
Khoja Niyas Hajji,
Ma Hushan, along with other claims, which Sheng Shicai used as an excuse to conduct his own purge in Xinjiang along with
Joseph Stalin's
Great Purge. Ma Shaowu was killed on
Sheng Shicai's orders. == Legacy ==