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Maiasaura

Maiasaura is a large herbivorous saurolophine hadrosaurid ("duck-billed") dinosaur genus that lived in the area currently covered by the state of Montana and the Canadian province of Alberta, in the Upper Cretaceous, from 86.3 to 70.6 million years ago.

Description
Maiasaura peeblesorum were large, attaining a maximum known length of about and a body mass is measured approximately up to . They had a large "duck-billed" mouth structure and rows of hundreds of teeth, typical of hadrosaurids. Since hadrosaurids have very similar post-cranial body plans, the distinguishing characteristic of Maiasaura peeblesorum is a prominent short, solid crest-like structure situated between their eyes. This crest may have been used in headbutting contests between males during the breeding season. Maiasaura were herbivorous. They were capable of walking both on two (bipedal) or four (quadrupedal) legs. Studies of the stress patterns of healed bones show that young juveniles under four years old walked mainly bipedal, switching to a mainly quadrupedal style of walking when they grew larger. Maiasaura, like most other hadrosaurs, possessed little in the way of obvious weaponry, though likely could defend themselves with kicks, stomps, or their muscular tails. It is likely that they primarily resorted to fleeing in the face of danger, using the vast sizes of their herds to be less likely to be targeted. Mass bone beds discovered in the Two Medicine Formation show that herds could be extremely large and comprise as many as 10,000 individuals. Hundreds of specimens have been found throughout all stages of life, allowing for M. peeblesorum to be used for understanding how hadrosaurids grew. Maiasaura peeblesorum lived in a terrestrial habitat. ==Discovery==
Discovery
specimen discovieres in Alberta and Montana. The first remains of Maiasaura have been found south of Choteau, visible on the map. For years until the 1960s and 1970s, anyone who has traveled through the area south of Choteau, Montana might have come across Maiasaura remains, whether such remains have been or have not been attributed to a dinosaurian origin. The first people who are confirmed as having found Maiasaura remains laying on the "Egg Mountain" area (as it is called today), are two homestead families of Bynum, Montana: the Brandvolds and the Trexlers. Marion Kathryn Brandvold (1912–2014, née Nehring), had inherited the "rock shop", Trex Agate Shop, that had been founded in 1937 by her first husband, Clifford "Trex" Trexler (1908–1962). In the years that preceded 1978, she and her second husband, John Brandvold (1937–2020), had been finding small bones and they had been trying to put them together. But in 1978 paleontologists Bob Makela and Jack Horner arrived at the shop in Bynum. Not having found interesting fossils to them, they were about to leave, then Marion Brandvold told them that she had something else. Still at the shop, she showed them two tiny bones that Horner identified as baby hadrosaur bones. They followed her to the Brandvolds' house, where she'd been keeping the remains of at least four individuals in a coffee can. This made Makela and Horner go to the site where these remains were apparently abundant (South of Choteau, Montana), and they discovered nests and juveniles of a till-then unknown species of hadrosaur. The next year in July 1979, during the second summer dig, a lady student named Fran Tannenbaum, under the direction of Jack Horner, discovered the first whole dinosaur egg ever found in North America and in the Western Hemisphere. The same year, in 1979, Makela and Horner described and named the type species Maiasaura peeblesorum. With time the site of this discovery earned the name "Egg Mountain", because of the abundance of hadrosaur eggs and eggshell pieces found in it. A skull of Maiasaura, specimen PU 22405 (now in the collections of the Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History as YPM PU 22405 following the transfer of the Princeton University vertebrate paleontology collections), was discovered by David Trexler's wife Laurie Trexler in 1979. It is the specimen that paleontologists Jack Horner and Robert Makela had used the same year as the holotype of the new species. The specific name honours the families of John and James Peebles, on whose land the finds were made. David Trexler, the second son of Clifford Trexler and Marion Brandvold, grew up in such a context that he ended up by becoming a paleontologist himself. In 1995 he founded in Bynum the Montana Dinosaur Center. That center plays an important role in connexion with the first identified remains of Maiasaura because during the years that spanned from 1998 to 2004, David Trexler's mother Marion Brandvold led a legal fight with the Yale and Princeton universities in order to recover the bones of the baby Maiasauras that she had found back in the 1970s. In 2004 she obtained a satisfactory issue and, since then, these historically important fossils are preserved at the Montana Dinosaur Center in Bynum. Over 200 specimens, in all age ranges, have been found. In 1985 The Nature Conservancy purchased the site of Egg Mountain from the James and Marian Peebles family, the original owners of the land, leasing the property to the Peebles for cattle grazing and allowing curator Jack Horner and the Museum of the Rockies to run a paleontology field camp. In 2004, the Museum of the Rockies purchased the property and now the Museum gives "Egg Mountain" the name of "Museum of the Rockies' Beatrice R. Taylor Paleontology Research Site", honouring Beatrice Taylor, whose family donated the money for the purchase. ==Classification==
Classification
of an adult and juvenileMaiasaura peeblesorum is in the tribe Brachylophosaurini along with these related taxa: • Acristavus gagslarsoniBrachylophosaurus canadensisOrnatops incantatusProbrachylophosaurus bergei The following cladogram of hadrosaurid relationships was published in 2013 by Albert Prieto-Márquez et al.: }} ==Paleobiology==
Paleobiology
of a Maiasaura emerging from its egg Maiasaura lived in herds and it raised its young in nesting colonies. The nests in the colonies were packed closely together, like those of modern seabirds, with the gap between the nests being around ; less than the length of the adult animal. Fossilized M. peeblesorum eggs are black in color and have high, prominent ridges on the outer surface. Studies led by Holly Woodward, Jack Horner, Freedman Fowler et al. have given insight into the life history of Maiasaura, resulting in what is perhaps the most detailed life history of any dinosaur known, and to which all others can be compared. From a sample of fifty individual Maiasaura tibiae, it was found that Maiasaurs had a mortality rate of about 89.9% in their first year of life. If the animals survived their second year, their mortality rate would drop to 12.7%. The animals would spend their next six years maturing and growing. Sexual maturity was found to occur in their third year, while skeletal maturity was attained at eight years of age. In their eighth year and beyond, the mortality rate for Maiasaura would spike back to around 44.4%. The studies that followed also found that Maiasaurs were primarily bipedal as juveniles, and switched to a more quadrupedal stance as they aged. It was also found that Maiasaura also included rotting wood in its diet, as well that its environment had a long, dry season prone to drought. The results of the study were published in the journal Palaeobiology on September 3, 2015. Diet A paper from 2007 showed that Maiasaura had a diet consisting of fibrous plants, wood, rotting wood, tree bark, leaves, branches, ferns, angiosperms and possibly grasses. This would imply that Maiasaura was both a browser and a grazer. Analysis of its dental wear patterns show that juvenile M. peeblesorum exhibited more crush wear than adults, which displayed more shear wear than juveniles. This suggests that adults fed more on tough, fibrous vegetation while juveniles fed more on hard, brittle objects like nuts, seeds, or berries. Sexual dimorphism Studies of Maiasaura by Saitta et al., suggest that one sex was roughly 45% larger than the other according to the mathematical analysis known as size statistics. However, it cannot be ascertained at this time whether the larger sex was male or female. ==Palaeoecology==
Palaeoecology
fossil bed. This region was characterized by volcanic ash layers and conifer, fern and horsetail vegetation. Maiasaura is a characteristic fossil of the middle portion (lithofacies 4) of the Two Medicine Formation, dated from about 86.3 to 70.6 million years ago. In the Oldman Formation of Alberta, Maiasaura lived alongside the ceratopsians Albertaceratops, Anchiceratops, Chasmosaurus, Coronosaurus, and Wendiceratops, as well as the dromaeosaurids Dromaeosaurus, Saurornitholestes, and Hesperonychus, the tyrannosaurid Daspletosaurus, the orodromine thescelosaurid Albertadromeus, the pachycephalosaurs Foraminacephale and Hanssuesia, the ornithomimid Struthiomimus, the other hadrosaurids Brachylophosaurus, Corythosaurus, and Parasaurolophus, and the ankylosaurid Scolosaurus. ==Maiasaura and the popularisation of the "dinosaur renaissance"==
Maiasaura and the popularisation of the "dinosaur renaissance"
Within the first years of the discovery of Maiasaura, the importance of such a remarkable find had a durable impact on the public and media contributed to that: As of 1983, dinosaur renaissance artist Doug Henderson started painting anatomically modern-view life restorations of Maiasaura for a children's book authored by Jack Horner, James Gorman and Jeri D. Walton. Finally published in 1985 the book was titled Maia: A Dinosaur Grows Up and, via its illustrations, showed to the public Maiasaura and other of its contemporary dinosaurs on horizontal-backbone posture, contrary to the till-then traditional, popular and incorrect posture seen in dinosaurs (bipedal or not) that permanently were dragging their tails on the ground. In 1985 as well, the CBS television documentary Dinosaur! showed Jack Horner talking to the camera about the "Egg Mountain" site and its related discoveries. Dinosaur! was seminal too showing to the CBS audiences the CT scan image of a Maiasaura embryo found inside an egg that had been previously collected at "Egg Mountain". Horner reappeared on television, this time with extended screen time about the Maiasaura discoveries, in another programme, "The Great Dinosaur Hunt", part of The Infinite Voyage series of documentaries. The Great Dinosaur Hunt first aired on January 4, 1989. In 1991 two short documentaries produced by Earthtalk Studios: A Giant Leap for Dinosaurs and Dinosaur Hunters, both directed by Daniel J. Smith, showed Jack Horner at Camp Makela (the scientists' camp that is on site at "Egg Mountain") talking with children and adolescents about the cutting edge of dinosaur research. ==See also==
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