Largely the work of
Home Office civil servant
Frank Newsam, the act banned the wearing of
political uniforms in any public place or public meeting. (The first conviction under the act was of police officer and fascist-sympathizer William Henry Wood, by Leeds Magistrates' Court on 27 January 1937.) It also required police consent for political marches to go ahead (now covered by the
Public Order Act 1986). The act also prohibited organising, training or equipping an "association of persons ... for the purpose of enabling them to be employed in usurping the functions of the police or of the armed forces of the Crown", or "for the use or display of physical force in promoting any political object". While the act likely prevented a rapid comeback of the BUF, it may in fact have had the indirect result of actually improving their fortunes. The party's forced abandonment of paramilitary and armed tactics improved their relations with the police and, by making it more "respectable", increased the BUF appeal among traditionally conservative middle-class citizens, who became the party's main base in the years after the Public Order Act 1936 was passed. The act was used extensively against
IRA and
Sinn Féin demonstrations in the 1970s, though the act does not extend to
Northern Ireland. In November 1974, twelve people were each fined the maximum £50 under the act for wearing black berets at
Speakers' Corner during a Sinn Féin anti-
internment rally. The act was used extensively against the
flying pickets during the
1984/85 miners' strike. The police used it on the grounds of preventing a breach of the peace. In 2015 and 2016, it was used against
Paul Golding and
Jayda Fransen of the far-right political movement
Britain First. ==Section 5 – Conduct conducive to breach of the peace==