Mangyshlak Peninsula

Several etymologies have been proposed for the name of the peninsula: • The peninsula's name stems from Man Qışlağ, meaning "sheep wintering ground" in Turkic languages. • The peninsula's name stems from Man Qışlağ, meaning "wintering ground of the Man people" in Turkic languages. 11th-century scholar Mahmud al-Kashghari, who mentioned the peninsula under the name '''' (), suggested this theory. • The peninsula's name stems from a distorted form of Menk Qışlağ, meaning "wintering ground of the Menk people" in Turkic languages, referring to the Menk tribe of the Nogai people. • The peninsula's name stems from a distorted form of Mıñ Qışlağ, meaning "1000 winter encampments" in Turkic languages. It was formerly also known as '''' () in Persian. == History ==

The Mangyshlak peninsula was overtaken in 1639 by Kalmyks. Following the Russian conquest of Turkestan, several administrative reforms were instituted on the peninsula by the Russian authorities. These included the confiscation of pastureland, the construction of military settlements, the construction of a residence for the Junior jüz's leader, an increase in the kibitka tax to ₽3.50, the inclusion of the territory into the Uralsk Oblast, and restrictions on the freedom of the nomadic tribes of the Junior jüz to migrate. In 1870, in response to the aforementioned reforms, the Adai rebellion took place on the Mangyshlak peninsula. The Russian Empire called upon Cossack reinforcements from Dagestan to quell the rebellion, defeating it and brutally suppressing the Adai tribes. As punishment for the rebellion, the kibitka tax on the Adai was increased for a period of two years and 90,000 sheep were confiscated from them. The rebellion's leaders, including , , , Erjan Qululy, and Ermaghambet Qululy, were all arrested and later died in Russian prisons. Upon the Soviet takeover of Russian Turkestan, the territory of the Transcaspian Oblast, which contained the Mangyshlak Peninsula, was initially assigned to the Turkestan ASSR. In August 1920, at the request of Kazakh activists, Mangyshlak was transferred to the Kazakh ASSR. == Cartography ==

The area was mapped by Fedor Ivanovich Soimonov during the Caspian Expedition, which surveyed the Caspian Sea from 1719 to 1727. ==Sources==