The origins of the Maremmana breed are entirely obscure. Some sources maintain that the Maremmana descends from the
Bos taurus macrocerus of which archeological evidence is preserved in the
Etruscan remains of
Caere and
Vetulonia, with a later admixture of
Podolic cattle brought into the Italian peninsula by the
Huns and other invaders from the East. while still others maintain that it descends directly from the
aurochs,
Bos primigenius primigenius. For centuries large herds of Maremmana cattle were raised in the malarial marshlands of the Maremma, herded by the
butteri, the mounted herdsmen of the region. Between 1737 and 1859 Tuscany was ruled by the
Habsburg Grand-Dukes, who sent Maremmano bulls to their estates in
Hungary to improve their
Hungarian Grey Cattle. Following the drainage of the marshes in the
Battle for Land of the
Fascist era, and consequent destruction of the wetland habitat, efforts were made to improve the breed, and in particular to increase its body weight, with considerable success. A herd book for the breed was opened in 1935. The
Second World War and the mechanisation of agriculture caused a rapid fall in breed numbers. In 1956, a population of 157,387 head was recorded; in 2006, total breed numbers were 8812. In recent years there has been new recognition of the perfect adaptation of the breed to the harsh terrain and poor pastures of the Maremma, where the Maremmana is capable of surviving in a semi-feral state throughout the year with only minimal management on land that would otherwise be abandoned. At the end of 2012 the total number recorded in the herd book for the breed was 9801. == Characteristics ==