Margaret G. Kivelson

Kivelson was born in New York City on October 21, 1928. Her father was a medical doctor and her mother had an undergraduate degree in physics. ==Career==

Kivelson completed her PhD thesis "Bremsstrahlung of High Energy Electrons' in 1957. Her thesis provided an expression for the cross section of forward scattering to all orders in the Coulomb interaction. From 1955 to 1971 Kivelson worked as a consultant in physics at the RAND Corporation based in Santa Monica, California. There she researched the interactions of plasmas and electron gases using mathematical techniques similar to those in quantum electrodynamics. Working with Don DuBois, they derived a correction to Landau's relation for the damping excitations of unmagnetized plasma. For 1965-1966, Kivelson took a leave from RAND to join her husband's sabbatical leave in Boston. Through a fellowship from the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study, Kivelson was able to conduct scientific research in a university setting at Harvard and MIT. Motivated by her experiences in academia through the Radcliffe Institute, Kivelson joined UCLA in 1967 as an assistant research geophysicist. Kivelson quickly climbed through the ranks within the geophysics and space physics community becoming a full professor at UCLA's department of earth and space sciences in 1980. She chaired the department of earth and space sciences from 1984 to 1987 and from 1999 to 2000. From 1977 to 1983 Kivelson served on the board of overseers at Harvard College as well as NASA's advisory council from 1987 to 1993, the National Research Council's Committee on Solar-Terrestrial Research from 1989 to 1992, and co-chaired the UCLA Academic Faculty Senate's Committee on Gender Equality issues from 1998 to 2000. In 2009 she became a distinguished professor of space physics, emerita and in 2010 she also took a position as a research professor at the University of Michigan. ==Scientific contributions==

Kivelson has had a very successful career as a scientist that include many publications and original work. developed new ways of describing wave-particle interactions in magnetohydrodynamic waves, and provided insight into the mechanism of interchange diffusion in rotating plasmas. This research has led Kivelson to being an author or co-author on over 350 publications that have accumulated over 12,000 citations. == Personal life ==

She married , a professor of chemistry, also at UCLA. They had two children. Her son Steven Kivelson is professor and condensed matter researcher at Stanford University. Margaret, Daniel and their two children all graduated from Harvard University. ==Gender gap==

Some of Kivelson's recollections about establishing a career as a woman scientist have been documented in an interview by the American Astronomical Society and piece in the Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences. When she started to pursue her undergraduate degree in physics her family joked she was really pursuing a "Mrs" degree. Before World War II, courses at Radcliffe were segregated by gender from courses at Harvard. When she attended Radcliffe/Harvard in the first class after the war, classes did not return to being segregated. She was often the only woman in her courses. Over the course of Julian Schwinger's career he had more than 70 graduate students and of these Kivelson was his only female student. In 1954, she gave birth to her first child, and afterwards she often faced criticism for continuing to work despite being a mother. In 1955 her husband received an appointment at UCLA and she followed him to Los Angeles. She started working part-time at the RAND Corporation while completing her thesis. A few months after receiving her PhD in 1957, she gave birth to her second child. In 1973, Kivelson won a Guggenheim Fellowship to work at the Imperial College in London. She said "that fellowship gave me for the first time the sense that I was being taken seriously as a scientist. More than money, it gave me status and increased my self-confidence considerably." ==Honors and awards==

• Guggenheim Fellowship (1973–74) • Harvard University's 350th Anniversary Alumni Medal (1986) • Fleming Medal of the American Geophysical Union (2005) • Gerard P. Kuiper Prize of the American Astronomical Society (2017) • James Clerk Maxwell Prize for Plasma Physics of the American Physical Society (2021) ==See also==