in
Vilnius|leftShe was born in 1865 in
Vilnius, at that time part of the
Russian Empire, to Konstanty Koplewski, a prominent physician. After graduating from high school, she moved to
St. Petersburg,
Russia. There she studied in the
Bestuzhev Courses, a university for women, while cultivating friendships within certain revolutionary circles. It was there she met Marian Juszkiewicz, a young
railway engineer whom she married in 1883. Their marriage was not a happy one, however, and fell apart soon after the birth of their daughter, Wanda, in 1887. In 1892, the beautiful, intelligent and socially poised Maria met
Józef Piłsudski. After seven years, they married on 15 July 1899 at the village of
Paproć Duża near
Łomża. Since Maria was a divorcee and the Catholic Church did not recognize divorce, she and Piłsudski had converted to
Protestantism. Soon afterward they settled in
Łódź, where Józef continued his revolutionary activities. In February 1900, they were arrested when a clandestine printing press was discovered in their apartment. After eleven months Maria was released, while Piłsudski remained imprisoned in the infamous Tenth Pavilion at the
Warsaw Citadel in the Russian-occupied part of Poland. Upon his subsequent escape from a mental hospital in St. Petersburg to which he had been transferred, the couple moved to
Lwów, in eastern
Galicia in
Austria-Hungary. In mid-November 1901, they relocated to
London, the seat of the Polish Socialist Party's leadership. In April 1902, however, pursuant to the needs of the PPS, they returned to Lwów, and in 1904 moved to
Kraków. In May 1906 Piłsudski met
Aleksandra Szczerbińska, who was working with the PPS paramilitary organization. After a time, Piłsudski and Aleksandra began an affair. In 1908 Maria Piłsudska's daughter by her first marriage, Wanda, died. By 1909, Maria was aware of Józef's affair but refused to divorce him, and they continued to share a home until the outbreak of the
First World War. Maria remained popular among the PPS and its paramilitary faction, and had helped Józef gain adherents amongst them. Their marriage continued to deteriorate, however, and after his release from
Magdeburg Prison in November 1918, Piłsudski abandoned her. Aleksandra Szczerbińska became his de facto wife, although for propriety's sake they had to maintain separate homes. Maria Piłsudska withdrew from public life and continued to reside in Kraków. Maria Piłsudska died in Kraków on 17 August 1921. She was buried at the
Rasos Cemetery in
Vilnius. Piłsudski did not attend the funeral; two months later he married Aleksandra, by whom he had had a daughter,
Wanda, in 1918, and a second daughter,
Jadwiga, in 1920. == Bibliography ==