Maria Yellow Horse Brave Heart

In 2000, Brave Heart published the article, "Wakiksuyapi: Carrying the Historical Trauma of the Lakota." Using the historical trauma research conducted in survivors of the Holocaust, Brave Heart would identify a comparable cluster of events correlated with massive group trauma across generations, including the 1890 Wounded Knee Massacre and the forced removal of children to federal boarding schools. She conceptualized the current form of historical trauma in the 1980s as a way to comprehend what she observed as many Native Americans being unable to fulfill "the American Dream". Her most significant findings came in a cluster of six symptoms: • 1st Contact: life shock, genocide, no time for grief, a Colonization Period in which the introduction of disease and alcohol occurred, and traumatic events such as Wounded Knee Massacre. • Economic competition: which resulted in loss from spiritual and tangible dimensions. • The occurrence of Invasion/War Period, which involved extermination and refugee symptoms. • A Subjugation/Reservation Period where confinement and translocation occur, a relationship of forced dependency on oppressor is formed, and a lack of security occur. • Boarding School Period: in which the family system is destroyed, beatings, rape, and prohibition of Native language and religion ensue. The lasting effect being ill-preparation for parenting, identity confusion. • Forced Relocation and Termination Period: transfer to urban areas, prohibition of religious freedom, racism and being viewed as second class; loss of governmental system and community. She also proposed a three-pronged intervention mode: education, sharing the effects of trauma and grief resolution through collective mourning and healing. Since 1976, Brave Heart has worked directly in the field to gather information on the impact of historical trauma within the indigenous communities. These groups include the Lakota in South Dakota, multiple tribes in New Mexico, and populations of indigenous and Latinos in Denver, New Mexico and New York. located in Rapid City, South Dakota. ==Career==

Maria Yellow Horse Brave Heart is known for developing a model of historical trauma, historical unresolved grief theory and interventions in indigenous peoples. Brave Heart earned her Master of Science from Columbia University School of Social Work in 1976. Brave Heart returned to school in 1990 after working in the field of social work, and in 1995, she earned her doctorate in clinical social work from the Smith College School for Social Work. The unresolved grief intervention developed by Brave Heart was considered an outstanding model, one which won a special minority Center for Mental Health Services grant award for Lakota Regional Community Action Grant Historical Trauma in 2001. Dr. Brave Heart was also responsible for the incorporation of techniques designed to intervene and enhance reservation parenting through a number of successful grants. She was also known for the coordination and directing of several Models for Indigenous Survivors of Historical Trauma: A Multicultural Dialogue Among Allies Conferences between 2001 and 2004, and served as both member and host of conferences for the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies. Dr. Brave Heart was also on the board of directors for the Council on Social Work Education and acted as an adviser/consultant to the National Indian Country Child Trauma Center. She also serves as director of Native American, Disparities Research and Community Behavioral Health. Maria has areas of interest which include indigenous collective trauma, grief and loss, historical trauma, healing intervention and mental health in indigenous populations, and substance use disorders and co-occurring mental health disorders in indigenous populations. ==Bibliography==