Marin County, California

Native American settlement Thousands of years ago, Coast Miwok people first populated the area today known as Marin County. In 1770, Coast Miwok population ranged from 1,500 to 2,000, with about 600 village sites throughout the county. In 1967, the Marin Museum of the American Indian was established, with exhibits focusing on Coast Miwok artifacts, crafts, and artwork. As of 2021, Indigenous-led events include healing drumming, dogbane cordage demonstrations, trade feasts, and traditional dancing. History of Marin During the Mexican-American war, areas of Marin County were seized by Americans as part of the conquest of California (1846–1847). Marin County is one of the original 27 counties of California, created February 18, 1850, following adoption of the California Constitution of 1849 and just months before the state was admitted to the Union. According to General Mariano Vallejo, who headed an 1850 committee to name California's counties, the county was named for "Marin", great chief of the tribe Licatiut. Marin had been named "Huicmuse" until he was baptized as "Marino" at about age 20. Marin / Marino was born into the Huimen people, a Coast Miwok tribe of Native Americans who inhabited the San Rafael area. Vallejo believed that "Chief Marin" had waged several fierce battles against the Spanish. Marino definitely did reside at Mission Dolores (in modern San Francisco) much of the time from his 1801 baptism and marriage until 1817, frequently serving as a baptism witness and godfather; he may have escaped and been recaptured at some point during that time. Starting in 1817, he served as an alcalde (in effect, an overseer) at the San Rafael Mission, where he lived from 1817 off and on until his death. In 1821, Marino served as an expedition guide for the Spanish for a couple of years before escaping and hiding out for some months in the tiny Marin Islands (also named after him); his recapture resulted in a yearlong incarceration at the Presidio before his return to the Mission San Rafael area for about 15 years until his death in 1839. In 2009, a plaque commemorating Chief Marin was placed in Mill Valley. Another version of the origin of the county name is that the bay between San Pedro Point and San Quentin Point was named Bahía de Nuestra Señora del Rosario la Marinera in 1775, and that Marin is simply an abbreviation of this name. Francis Drake and the crew of the Golden Hind was thought to have landed on the Marin coast in 1579 claiming the land as Nova Albion. A bronze plaque inscribed with Drake's claim to the new lands, fitting the description in Drake's own account, was discovered in 1933. This so-called ''Drake's Plate of Brass'' was revealed as a hoax in 2003. In 1595, Sebastian Cermeno lost his ship, the San Agustin, while exploring the Marin Coast. The Spanish explorer Vizcaíno landed about twenty years after Drake in what is now called Drakes Bay. However the first Spanish settlement in Marin was not established until 1817 when Mission San Rafael Arcángel was founded partly in response to the Russian-built Fort Ross to the north in what is now Sonoma County. Mission San Rafael Arcángel was founded in what is now downtown San Rafael as the 20th Spanish mission in the colonial Mexican province of Alta California by four priests, Father Narciso Duran from Mission San Jose, Father Abella from Mission San Francisco de Asís, Father Gil y Taboada and Father Mariano Payeras, the President of the Missions, on December 14, 1817, four years before Mexico gained independence from Spain. ==Geography==

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which is land and , comprising 37.2%, is water. It is the fourth-smallest county in California by land area. According to the records at the County Assessor-Recorder's Office, as of June 2006, Marin had of taxable land, consisting of 79,086 parcels with a total tax basis of $39.8 billion. These parcels are divided into the following classifications: surrounding the San Francisco Bay area Geographically, the county forms a large, southward-facing peninsula, with the Pacific Ocean to the west, San Pablo Bay, and San Francisco Bay to the east, and – across the Golden Gate – the city of San Francisco to the south. Marin County's northern border is with Sonoma County. Most of the county's population resides on the eastern side, with a string of communities running along U.S. Route 101 and the San Francisco Bay, from Sausalito to Tiburon to Corte Madera to San Rafael and Novato. The interior contains large areas of agricultural and open space; West Marin, through which State Route 1 runs alongside the California coast, contains many small unincorporated communities whose economies depend on agriculture and tourism. West Marin has beaches which are popular destinations for surfers and tourists year-round. Notable features of the shoreline along the San Francisco Bay include the Sausalito shoreline, Richardson Bay, the Tiburon Peninsula, Ring Mountain, and Triangle Marsh at Corte Madera. Further north lies San Quentin State Prison along the San Rafael shoreline. Adjacent counties • Sonoma County – north • San Francisco – south National protected areas • Golden Gate National Recreation Area (part) • Marin Islands National Wildlife Refuge • Muir Woods National Monument • Point Reyes National Seashore • San Pablo Bay National Wildlife Refuge (part) • Gulf of the Farallones National Marine Sanctuary (part) State and local protected areas The Marin County Department of Parks and Open Space manages numerous county parks and open spaces, including Stafford Lake County Park. The Marin Municipal Water District has of trails. State parks • Angel Island State Park • China Camp State Park • Mount Tamalpais State Park • Olompali State Historic Park • Samuel P. Taylor State Park • Tomales Bay State Park Marine protected areas Like underwater parks, these marine protected areas help conserve ocean wildlife and marine ecosystems: • Estero Americano State Marine Recreational Management Area • Estero de San Antonio State Marine Recreational Management Area • Point Reyes State Marine Reserve & Point Reyes State Marine Conservation Area • Estero de Limantour State Marine Reserve & Drakes Estero State Marine Conservation Area • Duxbury Reef State Marine Conservation Area ==Ecology==

is the highest peak in the Marin Hills and can be seen here from Berkeley in Alameda County. Marin County is considered in the California Floristic Province, a zone of extremely high biodiversity and endemism. There are numerous ecosystems present, including Coastal Strand, oak woodland, mixed evergreen forest, and Coast Redwood Forests chaparral and riparian zones. There are also a considerable number of protected plant and animal species present: Fauna include the California red-legged frog (Rana draytonii) and California freshwater shrimp while flora include Marin Dwarf Flax, Hesperolinon congestum; Tiburon Jewelflower, Streptanthus niger; and Tiburon Indian paintbrush, Castilleja neglecta. , which is on the Pacific coast of southwestern Marin County A number of watersheds exist in Marin County, including Walker Creek, Lagunitas Creek, Miller Creek, and Novato Creek. Notably, the Lagunitas Creek Watershed is home to the largest remaining wild run of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) in Central California. These coho are part of the "Central California Coast Evolutionarily Significant Unit, " or CCC ESU, and are listed as "endangered" at both the state and federal level. Significant efforts to protect and restore these fish have been underway in the Watershed since the 1980s. Fifty percent of historical salmon habitat is now behind dams. Strong efforts are also being made to protect and restore undammed, headwater reaches of this Watershed in the San Geronimo Valley, where upwards of 40% of the Lagunitas salmon spawn each year and where as much as 1/3 of the juvenile salmon (or fry) spend their entire freshwater lives. The "Salmon Protection and Watershed Network" leads winter tours for the public to learn about and view these spawning salmon, and also leads year-round opportunities for the public to get involved in stream restoration, monitoring spawning and smolt outmigration, juvenile fish rescue and relocation in the summer, and advocacy and policy development. Around 490 different species of birds have been observed in Marin County. Despite the lack of rain in the Marin County area due to historic drought levels, in 2014, an estimated 20,000 juvenile Coho salmon made the migration from their spawning grounds in the Lagunitas Creek area to the Pacific Ocean. This increase in migration was significantly up from the previous historic record for the same migration measured in 2006 at 11,000. In 2010, all of the county's beaches were listed as the cleanest in the state. When Richard Henry Dana Jr. visited San Francisco Bay in 1835, he wrote about vast tule elk (Cervus canadensis nannodes) herds near the Golden Gate on December 27: "...we came to anchor near the mouth of the bay, under a high and beautifully sloping hill, upon which herds of hundreds and hundreds of red deer [note: "red deer" is the European term for "elk"], and the stag, with his high branching antlers, were bounding about...," although it is not clear whether this was the Marin side or the San Francisco side. ==Demographics==

2020 census As of the 2020 census, the county had a population of 262,321. The median age was 46.5 years. 20.2% of residents were under the age of 18 and 22.6% of residents were 65 years of age or older. For every 100 females there were 96.2 males, and for every 100 females age 18 and over there were 93.9 males age 18 and over. The racial makeup of the county was 68.4% White, 2.4% Black or African American, 1.5% American Indian and Alaska Native, 6.3% Asian, 0.2% Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander, 9.9% from some other race, and 11.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino residents of any race comprised 18.8% of the population. 94.0% of residents lived in urban areas, while 6.0% lived in rural areas. There were 104,167 households in the county, of which 29.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them and 28.0% had a female householder with no spouse or partner present. About 28.6% of all households were made up of individuals and 15.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. there were 247,289 people, 100,650 households, and 60,691 families residing in the county. The population density was . There were 104,990 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the county was 84.0% White, 2.9% Black or African American, 0.4% Native American, 4.5% Asian, 0.2% Pacific Islander, 4.5% from other races, and 3.5% from two or more races. 11.1% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. In 2000, there were 100,650 households, out of which 27.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.4% were married couples living together, 8.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 39.7% were non-families. 29.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.34 and the average family size was 2.90. In the county, 20.3% of the population was under the age of 18, 5.5% from 18 to 24, 31.0% from 25 to 44, 29.7% from 45 to 64, and 13.5% was 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females there were 98.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.4 males. Religion • Roman Catholic: 31.16% • Protestant: 6.38% • Mormon: 1.04% • Other Christian: 1.36% • Judaism: 1.8% • Eastern religions: 1.33% • Islam: 0.44% • No religion: 56.5% Place of birth According to the 2006–2008 American Community Survey (ACS), 81.3% of Marin County's residents were born in the United States. Approximately 80.0% of the county's residents were born in one of the fifty states or born abroad to American parents. Foreign-born individuals made up the remaining 18.7% of the population. Latin America was the most common birthplace of foreign-born residents; those born in Latin America made up the plurality (42.2%) of Marin County's foreign population. Individuals born in Europe were the second largest foreign-born group; they made up 25.3% of Marin County's foreign population. Immigrants from Asia made up 23.7% of the county's foreign population. Those born in other parts of North America and Africa made up 3.9% and 3.8% of the foreign-born populace respectively. Lastly, residents born in Oceania made up a mere 1.2% of Marin County's foreign population. Source: Language According to the 2006–2008 ACS, English was the most commonly spoken language at home by residents over five years of age; those who spoke only English at home made up 77.1% of Marin County's residents. Speakers of non-English languages accounted for the remaining 22.9% of the population. Speakers of Spanish made up 11.7% of the county's residents, while speakers of other Indo-European languages made up 7.1% of the populace. Speakers of Asian languages and indigenous languages of the Pacific islands made up 3.4% of the population. The remaining 0.7% spoke other languages. Source: The median income for a household in the county was $71,306 and the median income for a family was $88,934. As of 2007, these figures had risen to $83,732 and $104,750. In May 2010, the county had the lowest unemployment rate in California. However, according to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Marin's unemployment rate rose to 8.3% in July 2010. ==Government and infrastructure==

Government Marin County is a General Law County Governed by a five-member Board of Supervisors. The County does not have a Charter. The County government provides countywide services and voter registration. Law enforcement San Quentin State Prison of the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation is in the county. San Quentin houses the male death row and the execution chamber of California. The Marin County Sheriff's Office serves as the county's main law enforcement agency. The Central Marin Police Authority is responsible for law enforcement in Larkspur, Corte Madera, and San Anselmo. Fire protection A fire department for the county was discussed as early as 1881 by the California State Legislature; the Tamalpais Forestry Association formed c. 1900. The Marin County Fire Department came into existence in its current incarnation on July 1, 1941, with passage of an ordinance and two resolutions by the Board of Supervisors. ==Politics==

In the United States House of Representatives, Marin County is in . From 2008 to 2012, Huffman represented Marin County in the California State Assembly. In the California State Legislature, Marin County is in: • the 12th Assembly District, represented by Democrat Damon Connolly • . Voter registration statistics Cities by population and voter registration Overview For most of the 20th century, Marin County was a Republican stronghold in presidential elections. From 1880 until 1984, the only Democrats to win there were Woodrow Wilson, Franklin Roosevelt and Lyndon Johnson. However, the brand of Republicanism prevailing in Marin County was historically a moderate one. Like most of the historically Republican suburbs of the Bay Area, it became friendlier to Democrats as the demographics of the area changed and the national party embraced social and religious conservatism. In 1984, it very narrowly voted for Walter Mondale and has supported the Democratic candidate in every presidential election since then. In the 2024 presidential election, Kamala Harris received 80.59% of the vote in Marin County, which was her highest vote share in any California county, and the only one higher than notably liberal San Francisco County. Marin has voted for many gubernatorial candidates who went on to become high-profile national figures, including Richard Nixon, Ronald Reagan, Jerry Brown, and Dianne Feinstein. On November 4, 2008, the citizens of Marin County voted strongly against Proposition 8, a constitutional amendment which eliminated the right of same-sex couples to marry, by a 75.1 percent to 24.9 percent margin. The official tally was 103,341 against and 34,324 in favor. Only San Francisco County voted against the measure by a wider margin (75.2% against). According to the California Secretary of State, as of February 10, 2019, Marin County has 161,870 registered voters. Of those, 89,526 (55.31%) are registered Democrats, 23,380 (14.44%) are registered Republicans, 7,020 (4.35%) are registered with other political parties, and 41,908 (25.89%) have declined to state a political party. Democrats hold wide voter-registration majorities in all political subdivisions in Marin County. Democrats' largest registration advantage in Marin is in the town of Fairfax, wherein there are only 344 Republicans (6.1%) out of 5,678 total voters compared to 3,758 Democrats (66.2%) and 1,276 voters who have declined to state a political party (22.5%). The last time Marin elected a Republican to represent them in the United States House of Representatives was William S. Mailliard in 1972. The last competitive race for the U.S. House of Representatives in Marin was in 1982 when Barbara Boxer was first elected. The longest serving representative of Marin in congress was Clarence F. Lea who served in the House from 1917 to 1949. Due to the dynamic nature of California's population, Marin's congressional district has changed numerous times over the decades. The county has been part of the 2nd congressional district of California since 2012; the only other time it was part of the 2nd district was 1902–12. It has also been part of the 1st (1894–1902 and 1912–66), 3rd (1864–94), 5th (1974–82), and the 6th (1972–74 and 1982–2012). The only time the county has not been in a single congressional district was between 1966 and 1972, when it was divided between the northern half in the 1st district and the southern half in the 6th district. "Marin County hot-tubber" In 2002, former U.S. President George H. W. Bush denounced convicted American Taliban associate John Walker Lindh as "some misguided Marin County hot-tubber," as a reference to the county's liberal, "hippie" political culture, mispronouncing "Marin" as he did so. Outraged by the label, some local residents wrote scathing letters to the Marin Independent Journal, complaining of Bush's remarks. In response, Bush wrote a letter to readers in the same newspaper, admitting regret and promising to not use the phrases Marin County and hot tub "in the same sentence again." ==Transportation==

Major highways • • • • • Public transportation , a hub for Marin Transit and Golden Gate Transit buses and station for SMART Golden Gate Transit provides service primarily along the U.S. 101 corridor, serving cities in Marin County, as well as San Francisco and Sonoma County. Service is also provided to Contra Costa County via the Richmond-San Rafael Bridge. Ferries to San Francisco operate from Larkspur, Sausalito and Tiburon. Ferry service from Tiburon is provided by Golden Gate Ferry, Blue and Gold Fleet and by the Angel Island Ferry. Local bus routes within Marin County are operated by Golden Gate Transit under contract with Marin Transit. Marin Transit also operates the West Marin Stage, serving communities in the western, rural areas of Marin County, the Muir Woods Shuttle, and 6 community shuttle routes. The Sonoma–Marin Area Rail Transit system, which began service in August 2017, is a commuter rail service and bicycle-pedestrian pathway serving Sonoma and Marin counties. service operates from Sonoma County Airport to six stations in Marin ending near Larkspur Landing. Later phases of construction will extend service further north to Cloverdale in Sonoma County. The Marin Airporter offers scheduled bus service to and from Marin County and the San Francisco Airport. Greyhound Lines buses service San Rafael. Airports Marin County Airport or Gnoss Field (ICAO: KDVO) is a general aviation airport operated by the County Department of Public Works. The nearest airports with commercial flights are San Francisco International Airport and Oakland International Airport, as well as Charles M. Schulz–Sonoma County Airport, which is located north of Marin County. ==Education==

in San Anselmo. Marin County Free Library is the county library system. It is headquartered in San Rafael. In addition, the Belvedere-Tiburon Library is in Tiburon. College of Marin, established in 1926, includes two campuses. The Kentfield Campus is in Kentfield; the Indian Valley Campus is in Novato. The college offers more than 40 degree programs leading to an Associate of Arts or Associate of Science degree and over 20 Certificates of Achievement with various specialties. The college serves approximately 9,000 students each term. Approximately 5,700 students enroll in COM's credit program. About 1,300 students enroll in English as a Second Language classes. Approximately 1,900 enroll in community education classes. The college employs about 300 permanent staff and faculty and many part-time employees. Marin is also home to Dominican University of California, in San Rafael. Founded as a women's college in 1890 by the Dominican Sisters of San Rafael, it became the first Catholic institution in California to offer bachelor's degrees to women. The college became fully coeducational in 1971, and in 2000 became an independent liberal-arts university, changing from its original name of Dominican College of San Rafael. There are about 1,400 undergraduate and 500 graduate students. ==Culture==

• Marin Museum of the American Indian • Marin Museum of Contemporary Art • Marin Museum of Bicycling • Museum of International Propaganda • The Space Station Museum ==Economy==

As of 2011, the largest private-sector employers in Marin County were: • Kaiser Permanente (1,803 full-time employees in Marin County) • MarinHealth (1,100) • Fireman's Fund Insurance Company (950) • Autodesk (878) • BioMarin Pharmaceutical (871) • Safeway Inc. (841) • Comcast (620) • Macy's (380) • Bradley Real Estate (376) • MHN (350) • Dominican University of California (346) • Wells Fargo (332) • Kentfield Rehabilitation and Specialty Hospital (315) • Community Action Marin (268) • Costco (260) • Brayton Purcell (256) • CVS/pharmacy (232) • Novato Community Hospital (227) • Lucasfilm (220) • FICO (200+) • Mollie Stone's Markets (190) • Guide Dogs for the Blind (189) • W. Bradley Electric (185) • Bank of Marin (178) • Cagwin & Dorward (175) • Ghilotti Bros. (145) • West Bay Builders (133) • Villa Marin (130) The 2013 gross value of all agricultural production in Marin County was about $84 million; of this, more than $63 million was from the sale of livestock and their products (milk, eggs, wool, etc.). Only 175 acres were planted to grapes. As of the fourth quarter 2021, Marin County had a median home value of $1,090,583, an increase of 11% from the prior year. ==Media==

Marin County receives media from the rest of the Bay Area. The county also has several media outlets that serve the local community: • Marin Magazine, a monthly lifestyle magazine with headquarters in Sausalito. • Marin Independent Journal, a daily newspaper with headquarters in San Rafael. • Pacific Sun, a free weekly distributed throughout the county. • Novato Advance, a weekly newspaper that serves Marin's second-largest city. • The Point Reyes Light, a weekly newspaper. • KWMR radio, West Marin Radio, in Point Reyes. • Channel 26, public-access television cable TV in Marin. • Marin Local Music, Music listings for Marin's Restaurants & Venues who host live music. • San Francisco Examiner, Rick Marianetti, Marin County Culture & Events. ==Communities==

Cities and towns • Belvedere • Corte Madera • Fairfax • Larkspur • Mill Valley • Novato • Ross • San Anselmo • San Rafael • Sausalito • Tiburon Census-designated places • Alto • Black Point-Green Point • Bolinas • Dillon Beach • Inverness • Kentfield • Lagunitas-Forest Knolls • Lucas Valley-Marinwood • Marin City • Muir Beach • Nicasio • Point Reyes Station • San Geronimo • Santa Venetia • Sleepy Hollow • Stinson Beach • Strawberry • Tamalpais-Homestead Valley • Tomales • Woodacre Unincorporated communities • Bel Marin Keys • Burdell • California Park • Dogtown • Fallon • Greenbrae • Hamlet • Ignacio • Inverness Park • Las Gallinas • Los Ranchitos • Marconi • Marshall • Olema • Paradise Cay • San Quentin • Shafter • Tocaloma Population ranking The population ranking of the following table is based on the 2020 census of Marin County. † county seat ==In popular culture==

• The song "Moon Over Marin" by hardcore punk band Dead Kennedys satirically depicts the pollution in Marin County • The 1954 science fiction novel The Body Snatchers is set in Marin County • The 1984 Philip K. Dick novel The Man Whose Teeth Were All Exactly Alike is set in Marin County. • The 1992 movie Radio Flyer took place in Marin County ==See also==