Background John Radcliffe (c.1650–1714) attended
University College from the age of thirteen, becoming a fellow of
Lincoln College at eighteen. In a successful medical career, his patients included
William III and
Queen Anne. He built up a large fortune and died childless. He is buried in
St. Mary's Church, Oxford. It was known that he intended to build a library in Oxford at least two years before his death in 1714. It was thought that the new building would be an extension westwards of the Selden End of the
Bodleian Library. on the site of neighbouring
Exeter College, and that the lower storey would be a library for Exeter College and the upper story Radcliffe's Library.
Plans Radcliffe died on 1 November 1714. It also provided £100 a year to maintain the new library, but only once 30 years had elapsed from his death. The library-keeper was to be chosen by several influential figures: the
Archbishop of Canterbury, the
Lord Chancellor, the
Chancellor of the University of Oxford, the
Bishop of London and the
Bishop of Winchester, the
Home Secretary and
Foreign Secretary, the
Lord Chief Justice of the King's Bench and the
Lord Chief Justice of the Common Pleas, and the
Master of the Rolls. Radcliffe had placed four men in charge of his estate:
William Bromley, sometime
Speaker of the House of Commons; Sir
George Beaumont, a
Lord of the Admiralty; Antony Keck, a banker; and Thomas Sclater Bacon, a lawyer. It was therefore in 1720 that the choice of architect was first considered –
Christopher Wren,
John Vanbrugh,
Thomas Archer,
James Thornhill,
John James,
Nicholas Hawksmoor, and
James Gibbs were all considered. In 1734, Hawksmoor and Gibbs were invited to submit plans. On 4 March 1737, the Trustees directed Gibbs along with
Francis Smith of Warwick and William Townesend of Oxford 'to prepare Stones and things ready for building the library'. An early set of plans were engraved and prints delivered to the most important members of the town and university, no doubt to ensure that their opposition was dealt with swiftly. The university in particular seems to have influenced the Trustees' plan, although the Library would not form part of it. A second set were made a year later.
Construction On 17 May 1737, the foundation stone was laid. Four days before, the Trustees had decided on an inscription for it to bear on a copper plate. The whereabouts of neither the stone nor the plate are known, although it is believed that the copper plate adorned a section of the wall that was removed to create the doorway in 1863. Quod Felix Faustumque sit Academiae Oxoniensi Die XVI. Kalendarum Junii Anno MDCCXXXVII Carolo Comite de Arran Cancellario Staphano Niblett S.T.P. Vice-Cancellario Thoma Paget et Iohanne Land A.M. Procuratoribus Plaudenti undique Togata Gente Honorabilis Admodum Dnus Dnus Carolus Noel Somerset Honorabilis Iohannes Verney Gualterus Wagstaff Bagot Baronettus Edwardus Harley et Armigeri Edwardus Smith Radclivii Munificentissimi Testamenti Curatores P.P. Jacobo Gibbs Architecto The progress of the building and the craftsmen employed is detailed both in the Minute Books of the Trustees and the Building Book, which supplement information given by Gibbs in his
Bibliotheca Radcliviana. An extract states: The construction went smoothly until February 1741, save for a short interruption in the latter part of 1740 when the threat of
smallpox halted work. It was in February 1741 that there appears to have been either a misunderstanding or a change of plan concerning what the dome was to be constructed out of. It had been partially completed out of stone, to the value of over £700 of stonework completed or prepared, when all work was immediately halted. The Trustees threatened to take the matter to the
Court of Chancery if Townesend and Smith pursued their claim for £700 to cover the stonemasons' bills; the Trustees did not make good this threat and they eventually paid the bill. Part of the stone dome was removed and the dome recovered in timber and lead. 41 tonnes of Derbyshire lead was used on the roof. The incident took over a year to completely resolve. The dome had been completed by March 1743. In 1742 or 1743, when the exterior scaffolding was being removed (only work on the
cupola and
balustrade remained) two men were killed in an accident. The Trustees approved the payment of £20 to be held on trust for the family of one of the dead men and inquired after the circumstances of the accident and the men injured. on
Catte Street, with
St Mary's obscured behind left. The interior work began once the main structure was complete. John Phillips was employed as a carpenter for the Library's floors, windows and bookcases. The responsibility for the ironwork for the gates for the seven exterior arches of the library was given to Robert Bakewell of Derby. His original estimate proved too low, however, explained by Gibbs to be a result of the French war. It eventually cost £364. The Trustee's meeting of 13 March 1746 reveals that the remaining work consisted of the paving of the library inside and out, the staircase rail, and the locks, hinges and bolts for the bookcases. The exterior of the building was complete by 1747 and the building fully completed in 1748. A librarian was appointed, as was a porter. Before Radcliffe's death, the sub-librarian of the Bodleian, Thomas Hearne, was widely considered to have been Radcliffe's choice as his new librarian. He was not appointed, however, and the post remained unfilled. In 1737, another sub-librarian,
Francis Wise, reached out to several influential figures (including
the Duke of Newcastle) to assist him in securing the position. However, by 1741 he had grown deeply weary of the level of competition he faced, particularly from a Richard Green, Radcliffe's great-nephew. The position did not go to Green, however: Wise was appointed to the position by a majority of one in 1748. The first porter was Pudsey Mussendine, who was paid a salary of £20 per annum, and received a gown in Radcliffe's colours and with his coat of arms emblazoned on it. The opening ceremony was delayed by around a year because of disturbances in Oxford. It finally took place on 13 April 1749. In 1751, the Trustees also agreed to the construction of twenty obelisks to hold
gas lamps, which the university agreed to maintain. Only 14 were actually erected and in 1755 the Trustees reimbursed the university for the cost of maintaining them up to that point and took on the obligation itself out of the £100 per annum left by Radcliffe for the Library's upkeep. In 1758–9, for example, they were lit on 89 nights at a cost of £23. 6s. 1d.
History as an independent library The library's collection grew only slowly. The first major purchase was books to the value of £45 from a seller in Newport in 1751, although they were kept in private possession until 1755. In 1754, the library received a number of books from the estate of James Gibbs, mostly concerning architecture. A number of classical and history books by the bequest of
Richard Frewin,
Camden Professor of Ancient History, and law books of
Charles Viner, the founder of the
Vinerian Professorship of Common Law, were also added to the library. Early purchases also included the purchase of the manuscripts of James Fraser to the value of £500, and those of
George Sale for £157 10s., both concerned with the Middle East – the first on the advice of
Thomas Hunt,
Laudian Professor of Arabic. The texts appear to have suffered from poor care after their acquisition. Three further collections were purchased before Wise's death in 1767. Even at this early stage, the Trustees appear to have collaborated with the Bodleian to avoid duplication. The Library quickly became known as 'the Physic Library'. Despite its name, its acquisitions were varied for the first sixty years, but from 1811 its intake was confined to works of a scientific nature. During the first half of the 19th century the collections included coins, marbles, candelabra, busts, plaster casts, and statues. These collections have since been moved to more specifically appropriate sites. In other respects, Wise's tenure was marked only by his poor (and worsening) health and poor relations with the university. University members expected to be admitted and the vice-chancellor made it clear to Wise that he believed the library part of the university and thus under his overall control. Wise did not agree, threatening at one point to padlock the library and refer any man who cut it to the courts. The vice-chancellor took this as an unprovoked insult and turned to consideration of the university statutes and the imposition, if they did not already exist, of such statutes as would compel the ageing Wise to attend to his duties from which he was now regularly absent. Five years before his actual death in 1767, a satirical death notice was placed in the London papers announcing the "greatly regretted" death of Wise "[his death] occasioned by a violent cold, contracted by too close attendance on the duties of his respective offices". In those last years, Wise was so ill that he could no longer attend the library. Upon his death, his collection of coins was presented to the library. He was replaced by
Benjamin Kennicott who served as librarian until his death in 1783. His librarianship saw the purchase of more Arabic, Hebrew and Persian works, the subject of study of Kennicott. Despite several reparative measures, the building continued to fall into disrepair, with Kennicott immersed in his academic study. Comments at the time of his death noted that the collection was "so far from being 'one of the first collections in the Universe,' that it is even inconsiderable and invaluable when compared, not only with the Bodley collection, but perhaps others in Oxford." Kennicott's successor,
Thomas Hornsby, did nothing to improve the situation, devoting much of time to his other post of
Radcliffe Observer. There are no records of any books being bought before his death in 1810. There was, however, one controversial benefaction of a series of marbles, with a custodian appointed and funded (along with the cost of securing the statues) by Sir
Roger Newdigate. It was eventually accepted, although not without opposition from Hornsby who believed it would distract from the library's academic purpose and block readers' light. Upon Newdigate's death, the statues had not been purchased and his executors added to the opposition. The benefaction was reassessed and finally rejected. In the last years of his tenure, Hornsby was asked to provide a catalogue, but no such document was put together before his death. Hornsby's successor was chosen as
George Williams. It was under his tenure that "a new era dawned" for the Radcliffe Library. Williams, a physician in the
Radcliffe Infirmary and
Professor of Botany, adopted an approach which had been mooted a couple of years before to fill the library's shelves not with a general collection of works, but rather specifically scientific books. Huge sums were spent from funds which had accumulated from previous years: £2000 in 1814, and around £500 annually for the years after. Dr.
Abraham Robertson was asked to donate a copy of the
Radcliffe Observatory's records each year in exchange for being allowed to borrow certain books. The Library also received a number of marble busts and a collection of 1,000 marble specimens. The grounds of the library were enclosed by railings in 1827 at a cost of £1,310, although the ascertainment of the exact extent of the Trustee's holdings required careful examination and a previous overlooked transfer completed. Upon Williams' death in 1834, the Trustees gave an unprecedented statement of thanks; it was echoed by a report in ''
The Gentleman's Magazine'' which read: "In carrying into effect these great national as well as academic purposes, the Trustees found in Dr. Williams's extensive reading, retentive memory... exact judgment, comprehensive views and philosophical mind, the very talents and accomplishments which were necessary to ensure the successful execution of their design". Williams was succeeded by
John Kidd,
Regius Professor of Medicine. Gas heating and lighting was introduced into the library, a third member of staff (an assistant) hired at a salary of £25 per annum, and insurance taken out against the risk of fire – £10,000 to cover the buildings and a further £10,000 for the books. In 1835, the library catalogue was finally published, for which Kidd received £100 by way of bonus. He was, however, unsuccessful in three attempts to secure a pay rise. The book collection continued to expand, with Kidd required to provide a memorandum of books added each year to the library, and the first proper bookcases installed. A visitors' book was created to distinguish students and academics from "those who visit the Library from mere motives of general curiosity". In other respects Library life was unremarkable for the rest of Kidd's tenure, which ended with his death in 1851.
Henry Wentworth Acland succeeded Kidd as Librarian. He made several structural alterations, creating a reading room, improving the lighting and heating and adding a hot water system. More significantly, in light of the sum of £200 to be spent on books annually, which Acland considered insufficient, he set out a detailed proposal to bring the library under the leadership of the university. In 1856, he laid out his plan to the Trustees, at which point the library contained between 14,000 and 15,000 volumes: "[I fear] the Library be found wanting in some standard work of reference [or] the ordinary Scientific Literature... [while] it is supposed by visitors... that the great collection of scientific works in Oxford is to be found in the Radcliffe Library... the Bodleian Library is far richer in scientific transactions and periodicals; it receives, or ought to receive, without cost all British books... the Radcliffe Library must be accounted to be, and will remain, of much less public utility than is generally supposed." The Radcliffe Library building was to become a reading room of the Bodleian, and the collection transferred to the new 'Museum Library' being constructed (now the
Radcliffe Science Library). The plan was accepted by both parties and on 23 October 1861 the keys to the Radcliffe Library building were handed to Bodley's Librarian. It took four more years to finalise everything. The Radcliffe Library building thus became the Radcliffe Camera as the library ceased to be fully independent. The Trustees retained the freehold to the building, which was finally transferred to the university in 1927.
Later history as part of the university Between 1909 and 1912, an underground book store of two floors was constructed beneath the north lawn of the library with a tunnel connecting it with the
Bodleian, invisibly linking the two library buildings, something envisaged by
Henry Acland in 1861. or colloquially as the "Glink". After the library as such moved out, the Radcliffe Camera came into use as additional reading rooms of the Bodleian Library. The interior of the upper reading room houses a six-foot
marble statue of John Radcliffe, carved by
John Michael Rysbrack. In October 2023, the building was sprayed with orange paint in a protest by
Just Stop Oil against Oxford University's links to fossil fuel companies such as
Ineos. In May 2024, pro-Palestinian activists set up a tent encampment of the grounds of the Radcliffe Camera as part of the
2024 University of Oxford pro-Palestinian campus occupations demanding that Oxford University
divest from Israel. == Architecture ==