Features of the region
Features that can be found in various intensities and distributions in the region include: • Labiovelarization of *telt > tëłt > tołt > tłot *pelti > płoc (Compare Polish pleć) (perhaps with the exception of słoʒona, sledziona) • *TorT > TroT • *ľ̥ > l̥ except in Pľ̥T́PK (po wargowych, a przed palatalnymi, wargowymi, i tylkojęzykowymi) • remaining *ľ̥ in Pľ̥T́PK > ‘el: ḿelli, hard *l̥ > oł (Stolpsko), Pľ̥T (after a labial, before a hard postalveolar > ṔołT: v́ołna • softening of consonants before *ŕ̥t> ar: tfardi except źarno and śarno • interword devoicing of consonants before voiceless consonants, liquids, or vowels: sat rośnie, sat urós, ukratem, zav́eśmi (zawieźmy) • w > v/f trój, kfiat, *χw > χv > χf > f fała (chwała) • mazurzenie: š ž č ǯ > s z c ʒ: scekać (szczekać, or a merger of the retroflexes and palatal sibilants into postalveolar: szcziekać, sziano • Old Polish ḷ > ł > u̯, especially in West Masovia • Hardening of Old Polish ľ > l even before i: lis • Decomposition of soft labials: ṕ, b́, f́, v́, ḿ > pš/pχ́, bž/bɣ́, vź, fś, mń: kurpχ́/karpś, pafχ́/ołófš́, mniasto, also śfat (świat), niedźwiedź (earlier mniedźwiedź) • Simplification of resulting clusters containing labials: ołóš́, źara (wiara), niasto • śř, źř > śr, źr, środa, źrėbåk • penultimate stress • Loss aje> ā, grai̯e > grā • preference for pochylone ȯ (kłȯtka, skȯlni) • ir > ėr, sėrce • *y > i, sin, dim, dwa ribi (compare decomposition of bilabials) • Fronting of Old Polish short ă, even softening velars, pråvdä, ḱäńå täg vołå, sometimes merging with e • a > ä > e in some Old Polish texts • i̯a- > i̯ä- > i̯e-: i̯epko • ra- > rä- > re-: reno • -ar- > -är- > -er-: umer, derń (compare also umárł) • frequent and common *ěT > ä > e: osierze (ofiara) • ăN > äN > śäno • á > a: dobra trawä • loss of the phonemically short nasal in short syllables into a front, middle nasal between a and e, indifferent to the width of the opening of ą̈: zą̈bi, sometimes going to ą (ćąsko) or ę (ćęsko), or sometimes denazalisation in unstressed codas or before sibilants (i̯azik, i̯ėnzik) • lost of the phonemically long nasal vowel ą̄ > ǫ and in regions touching Małopolska > ų, with frequent denasalization as above (kśůska) • -išče > -isko • spread of -isty, -asty • replacement of -’ev in soft stems with -’ov in the 16th century, and occasional hypercorrection to adding -’ev after hard stems: synev́i • establishment of od(-) ( -ov́u: bratoźu, χłopakoɣ́u, wołoju • replacement of the genitive singular soft-stem ending -’e ( -eśḿ > -(e)m: nosiłem/uśatem • first person past: ńeśli(je)sm > neśliśmy, and also replacement with the dual: bẏliźva or -śma: nośiliśma • merger of masculine personal with masculine animal endings by spread of -y and -e • regional replacement of -li with -ły: spałi (for m.pr and m.an) • regional replacement of -ły with -li: spali (for m.pr and m.an) ==References==