Mauritian
Creoles trace their origins to the plantation owners and slaves who were brought to work the sugar fields. When
slavery was abolished on 1 February 1835, an attempt was made to secure a cheap source of adaptable labour for intensive sugar plantations in Mauritius.
Indentured labour began with Indian, Chinese, Malay, African and Malagasy labourers, but ultimately, it was India which supplied the much needed labourers to Mauritius, mainly sugar cane workers. This period of intensive use of Indian labour took place during
British rule, with many brutal episodes and a long struggle by the indentured for respect. The term applied to the indentured during this period, and which has since become a derogatory term for Mauritians of Asian descent, was
coolie. The island soon became the key-point in the trade of indentured labourers, as thousands of Indians set forth from
Calcutta or
Karikal; not only did they modify the social, political and economic physiognomies of the island, but some also went farther, to the
West Indies.
Indo-Mauritians are descended from Indian immigrants who arrived in the 19th century via the
Aapravasi Ghat in order to work as indentured labourers after slavery was abolished in 1835. Included in the Indo-Mauritian community are
Hindus (48.5% of the Mauritian population) and
Muslims (17.2%) from the Indian subcontinent. The
Franco-Mauritian elite controlled nearly all of the large sugar estates and was active in business and banking. As the Indian population became numerically dominant after independence from British rule and the voting franchise was extended, political and economic power shifted from the Franco-Mauritians and their Creole allies to the Indo-Mauritians. The meeting of a mosaic of people from Europe, India, Africa and China began a process of hybridisation and
intercultural frictions and dialogues, which poet
Khal Torabully has termed "coolitude". This social reality is a major reference for
identity opened to
otherness and is widely used in
Mauritius where it represents a
humanism of
diversity. Subsequent to a Constitutional amendment in 1982, there is no need for Mauritians to reveal their ethnic identities for the purpose of population census. Official statistics on ethnicity are not available. The 1972 census was the last one to measure ethnicity.
Statistics Mauritius compiles data on religious affiliation every ten years during census. ==Demographics of Mauritius==