Internally displaced persons in Sri Lanka

depicting civilians being displaced as a result of the Sri Lanka Army's military offensive. January 2009. The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (Tamil Tigers) had been waging a full-scale war for an independent state of Tamil Eelam in the North and East of Sri Lanka since 1983. After the failure of the Norwegian mediated peace process in 2006 the Sri Lankan Military launched military offensives aimed at recapturing the territory controlled by the Tamil Tigers. By July 2007 the military had recaptured all of the Eastern Province. The military offensive in the Northern Province escalated in October 2008 as the military attacked the Vanni heartland of the Tamil Tigers. After successive defeats, including the loss of their de facto capital Kilinochchi, the Tamil Tigers were forced to retreat east. The civilian population of the Vanni also fled east. It is disputed as to whether the civilians fled on their own accord or were forced to do so by the Tamil Tigers. By January 2009 the Tamil Tigers and the civilians were trapped in a small piece of land on the north-east coast in Mullaitivu District. Safe Zone As the Sri Lankan military advanced further into Tamil Tiger controlled areas, international concern grew for the fate of the 350,000 civilians trapped. On 21 January 2009 the Sri Lankan military declared a Safe Zone north-west of Puthukkudiyiruppu, between the A35 highway and Chalai Lagoon. The purpose of the Safe Zone was ostensibly to allow the trapped civilians to cross into territory controlled by the Sri Lankan military. However, very few civilians actually crossed into the military territory. Again, the reason for this is disputed. The Sri Lankan military, UN and human rights organisations accused the Tamil Tigers of preventing the civilians from leaving. The fighting between the military and the Tamil Tigers continued, causing the civilians to flee from the Safe Zone to a narrow strip of land between Nanthi Kadal lagoon and the Indian Ocean. On 12 February 2009 the military declared a new Safe Zone in this area, north-west of Mullaitivu town. Over the next three months a brutal siege of the Safe Zone occurred as the military allegedly blitzed by land and air the last remnants of Tamil Tigers trapped in the Safe Zone. Satellite images of the Safe Zone publishes by the UN, foreign governments and scientific organisations showed heavy damage that could have only been caused by bombardment. Inevitably many thousands of civilians were killed or injured. The UN, based on credible witness evidence from aid agencies as well civilians evacuated from the Safe Zone by sea, estimated that 6,500 civilians were killed and another 14,000 injured between mid-January, when the Safe Zone was first declared, and mid-April. A US State Department report has suggested that the actual casualty figures were probably much higher than the UN's estimates and that significant numbers of casualties weren't recorded. IDP camps All civilians who managed to escape the fighting in the Safe Zone and the civilians who were still in the Safe Zone after the end of combat were taken by the Sri Lankan military to southern Vavuniya District and housed in camps, mostly schools. The IDPs weren't allowed to leave the camps. The reasons given by the Sri Lankan government/military for not allowing the civilians to return to their homes were the existence of land mines and the need to identify Tamil Tigers whom they allege are hiding amongst the civilians. ==Terminology==

The Sri Lankan government/military describes the camps as "welfare centres" or "welfare villages" but the conditions imposed on the IDPs have prompted others, inside and outside Sri Lanka, to use other terms to describe the camps. Western critics have described the camps as "prisons" or "closed camps" because the IDPs were not permitted to leave the camps. Some, including the United Nations’ High Commissioner for Human Rights Navanethem Pillay, have gone further and described the camps as "internment camps" because the IDPs were not permitted leave the camps; access to the camps by independent aid organisations, independent media, IDPs relatives and opposition politicians is heavily restricted or denied completely; and the camps are controlled by the Sri Lankan military. Tamil activists have described the camps as "concentration camps", using an image of IDPs standing behind barbed wire fences to liken the camps to the concentration camps of World War II and Bosnian Civil War. Booker Prize-winning author Arundhati Roy and Noam Chomsky are other prominent political activists who have used described the IDP camps as concentration camps. Writers for the British newspapers, The Telegraph and The Times have also used the term concentration camps. ==Criticism and concern about the camps==

depicting makeshift shelter. Displaced civilians were often forcibly detained in camps lacking even the basic amenities. The conditions imposed on the IDPs, the conditions inside the camps and the slow progress of resettlement have attracted widespread criticism from inside and outside Sri Lanka. On 1 December 2009 the camps were opened up, giving the IDPs limited freedom. The IDPs could leave the camps for up to 15 days after giving their details to the authorities but they would have to return to the camps on a stipulated day. Some IDPs could leave the camps permanently but would have to report to the police regularly. The camps are being described by some as "open prisons" because of these strict conditions imposed on the IDPs. There is widespread concern that the north east monsoon season (October to March) will flood the site. IDPs identified as Tamil Tigers By the end of September 10,000 IDPs had been identified as having some links to the Tamil Tigers. This includes not only former cadres but also their relatives, those who worked in the Tigers's civil administrative structures and anyone believed to be a supporter or sympathizer of the Tigers. They have been moved to separate camps. In June 2011, government claimed that all former female LTTE combatants were released. ==The camps==

The IDPs were initially held at numerous small camps, mostly schools (Maha Vidyalayam), located throughout southern Vavuniya District. Since then most of these small camps have been closed and IDPs instead concentrated at the Menik Farm site. Menik Farm is located in the far south-west of Vavuniya District near the district's border with Anuradhapura and Mannar districts. The site straddles the A14 Mannar-Medawachchiya road and the disused Mannar railway line. The site is very close to the Aruvi Aru and other rivers and streams. One of the Aruvi Aru's tributaries actually cuts the site into two. With a population in excess of 200,000 Menik Farm is believed to be the largest IDP camp in the world. It has also become one of Sri Lanka's largest settlements. The following camps/hospitals are being or have been used to house the IDPs displaced from the Vanni region since October 2008: Vavuniya District Vengalachedikulam Divisional Secretary's Division • Menik Farm Zone 0 (Kathirkamar Village) • Menik Farm Zone 1 (Ananda Kumarasamy Village) • Menik Farm Zone 2 (Pon Ramanathan Village) (closed 24 November 2010, IDPs moved to Menik Farm Zones 0 and 1) • Ariviththodam Sivanantha Vidyalayam, Menik Farm (closed early September 2009, IDPs moved to Menik Farm Zone 6) • Kanthapuram Maha Vidyalayam (Scandapuram) (closed late June 2009, IDPs moved to Sumathipuram WC) • Ponthoodam Government Tamil Mixed School (closed 27 May 2009, IDPs moved to Menik Farm Zone 4) • Kaithady Ayurvedic University Hostel • Kaithady Palmyra Research Institute 1 • Kaithady Palmyra Research Institute 2 • Kaithady Hindu Children Home • Kodikamam Government Tamil Mixed School • Kodikamam Ramavil (Kodikamam Forest) • Kodikamam Thirunavitkarasu Maha Vidyalayam (closed late May 2009, IDPs moved to Kodikamam Ramavil) • Kopay Teacher Training College • Manalkadu • Murusivil Roman Catholic Tamil Mixed School • Nelliyady Central College (closed early June 2009, IDPs moved to Kodikamam Ramavil) • Thirunagar Old Court House Mannar District • English Training Centre • Illupaikkulam (closed March 2010, IDPs moved to Kalimoddai) • Kalimoddai • Mannar District General Hospital • Mannar Welfare Centre • Sirukandal (closed March 2010, IDPs moved to Kalimoddai) Trincomalee District • Arafat Nagar Muslim Maha Vidyalam • Kantale Base Hospital • Methodist School • Pulmoddai Field Hospital • Pulmoddai Muslim Maha Vidyalayam • Pulmoddai Sinhala Maha Vidyalayam • Sahanagama Welfare Centre Site 1, Pulmoddai (13th Mile post) • Sahanagama Welfare Centre Site 2, Pulmoddai (13th Mile post) • Thampalakamam Peripheral Unit • Trincomalee General Hospital A number of hospitals in other districts have also been used by the IDPs. ==Release/return to places of origiAn n==

When the camps were initially established in early 2009 the Sri Lankan government stated that it expected to hold the IDPs in the camps for as long as three years. However, on 16 July 2009 in a letter of intent to the International Monetary Fund (IMF) the Sri Lankan government stated that it aimed to resettle 70-80% of the IDPs by the end of 2009. The IMF subsequently approved a US$2.6 billion loan to Sri Lanka. By the end of August 2009 less than 12,000 IDPs (5%) had been released or returned to their places of origin. The imminent monsoon raised concern amongst the aid agencies/international community. The Sri Lankan government reacted to this by returning more IDPs to their places of origin. Some of these IDPs were held in military run "closed" transit sites in their home districts, from which they can't leave and access by aid agencies is heavily restricted. Some IDPs were allowed to return to their homes but most of these homes are located inside high security zones, such as the Jaffna islands, which are under the strict control of Sri Lankan Navy. The Sri Lankan military places heavy restrictions on civilians living inside these areas and on access to them from outside. By early October the resettlement target had been reduced even further. On 6 October 2009 a Sri Lanka's Deputy Finance Minister Sarath Amunugama issued a statement saying the government hoped to resettle 100,000 (35%) of the IDPs by the end of 2009. In late October the government accelerated the resettlement programme by returning IDPs to areas formerly controlled by the Tamil Tigers in Kilinochchi, Mannar and Mullaitivu districts. On 22 October 2009 the Sri Lankan government claimed to have released of 41,685 IDPs (16,394 from Mullaitivu District, 10,017 from Kilinochchi District, 8,643 from Vavuniya District and 6,631 from Mannar District), which was widely reported in the media. However, other reports suggested that only 5,700 IDPs had been released, with another 36,000 to be resettled over the "coming weeks". The apparent fast pace of resettlement in October 2009 and early November 2009 was due to IDP's being returned to areas that have been under government control for many years (Jaffna, Mannar and Vavuniya). Most of the IDPs in the camps from these areas had been returned to their places of origin by November. The pace of resettlement in areas controlled by the Tamil Tigers (Kilinochchi and Mullaitivu) has been very slow, particularly in areas east of the A 9 highway. Consequently, the pace of resettlement had slowed down by late November. On 29 December 2009 the Sri Lankan government stated that there was no deadline for the resettlement of the IDPs, contradicting previous assurances. The pace of resettlement increased in 2010. The camps were officially closed on 25 September 2012. Cumulative numbers of IDPs displaced from the Vanni since October 2008 who have been released or returned to places of origin from IDP camps: 1 Figures are the latest available on date. 2 Since 5 August 2009. ==Number remaining at camps==

Numbers of IDPs displaced from the Vanni since October 2008 who continue to reside at the camps: 1 Figures are the latest available on date. ==References==