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Cessna 172

The Cessna 172 Skyhawk is an American four-seat, single-engine, high wing, fixed-wing aircraft made by the Cessna Aircraft Company. First flown in 1955, more 172s have been built than any other aircraft. It was developed from the Cessna 170, which was first manufactured in 1948, but with tricycle landing gear rather than conventional landing gear. The Skyhawk name was originally used for a trim package, but was later applied to all standard-production 172 aircraft, while some upgraded versions were marketed as the Cutlass, Powermatic, and Hawk XP. The aircraft was also produced under license in France by Reims Aviation, which marketed upgraded versions as the Reims Rocket.

Design and development
" rear cabin with no rear window and featured a "square" fin design.The Cessna 172 started as a tricycle landing gear variant of the taildragger Cessna 170, with a basic level of standard equipment. In January 1955, Cessna flew an improved variant of the Cessna 170, a Continental O-300-A-powered Cessna 170C with larger elevators and a more angular tailfin. Although the variant was tested and certified, Cessna decided to modify it with a tricycle landing gear, and the modified Cessna 170C flew again on June 12, 1955. The 172 became an overnight sales success, and over 1,400 were built in 1956, its first full year of production. Early 172s were similar in appearance to the 170s, with the same straight aft fuselage and tall landing gear legs, although the 172 had a straight tailfin while the 170 had a rounded fin and rudder. In 1960, the 172A incorporated revised landing gear and the swept-back tailfin, which is still in use today. The final aesthetic development, found in the 1963 172D and all later 172 models, was a lowered rear deck allowing an aft window. Cessna advertised this added rear visibility as "Omni-Vision". Modifications The Cessna 172 may be modified through a wide array of supplemental type certificates (STCs), including increased engine power, higher gross weight limits, and certain aerobatic conversions. Available STC engine modifications increase power from , add constant-speed propellers, or allow the use of automobile gasoline. Other modifications include additional fuel tank capacity in the wing tips, added baggage compartment tanks, added wheel pants to reduce drag, or enhanced landing and takeoff performance and safety with a STOL kit. The 172 has also been equipped with the fuel injected Superior Air Parts Vantage engine. ==Operational history==
Operational history
The Cessna 172 has been used extensively for flight training, personal transportation, and aerial patrol work. Various operators, including civil flying schools and government agencies, have flown the type for tasks such as search-and-rescue, pipeline inspection, and law-enforcement observation. World records From December 4, 1958, to February 7, 1959, Robert Timm and John Cook set the world record for (refueled) flight endurance in a Cessna 172, registration number N9172B. They took off from McCarran Field (now Harry Reid International Airport) in Las Vegas, Nevada, and landed back at McCarran Field after 64 days, 22 hours, 19 minutes and 5 seconds in a flight covering an estimated , over 6 times farther than flying around the world at the equator. The flight was part of a fund-raising effort for the Damon Runyon Cancer Fund. The aircraft is now on display at the airport. ==Variants==
Variants
Cessna has historically used model years similar to U.S. auto manufacturers, with sales of new models typically starting a few months prior to the actual calendar year. ; Introduced in November 1955 for the 1956 model year as a development of the Cessna 170B with tricycle landing gear, dubbed "Land-O-Matic" by Cessna. The 172 also featured a redesigned tail similar to the experimental 170C, "Para-Lift" flaps, and a maximum gross weight of while retaining the 170B's Continental O-300-A six-cylinder, air-cooled engine. The 1957 and 1959 model years brought only minor changes, while 1959 introduced a new cowling for improved engine cooling. The prototype 172, c/n 612, was modified from 170 c/n 27053, which previously served as the prototype of the 170B. A total of 3,757 were constructed over the four model years; 1,178 (1956), 1,041 (1957), 750 (1958), 788 (1959). ; 1960 model year with a swept-back vertical tail and rudder and powered by a O-300-C engine. It was also the first 172 to be certified for floatplane operation. 994 built. ; 1962 model year with fiberglass wingtips, redesigned wheel fairings, a key starter to replace the previous pull-starter, and an optional autopilot. The seats were redesigned to be six-way adjustable, and a child seat was made optional to allow two children to be carried in the baggage area. 810 built. ; 1966 model year with a longer, more pointed spinner and sold for US$12,450 in its basic 172 version and US$13,300 in the upgraded Skyhawk version. 1,474 built (including 26 as the T-41A), plus 140 by Reims as the F172G. ; For 1968, Cessna planned to replace the 172 with a newly designed aircraft called the 172J, featuring the same general configuration but with a more sloping windshield, a strutless cantilever wing, a more stylish interior, and various other improvements. A single 172J prototype, registered N3765C (c/n 660), was built. However, the popularity of the previous 172 with Cessna dealers and flight schools prompted the cancellation of the replacement plan, and the 172J was redesignated as the 177 from the second prototype onward and sold alongside the 172. ; Introduced for the 1969 model year with a redesigned tailfin cap and reshaped rear windows enlarged by . Optional long-range wing fuel tanks were also offered. The 1970 model year featured fiberglass, downward-shaped, conical camber wingtips and optional fully articulated seats. 2,055 built for both model years, plus 50 by Reims as the F172K. Other changes included a decreased maximum flap deflection from 40 degrees to 30 to allow a gross weight increase from to . A wet wing and air conditioning were optional. The 1982 model year moved the landing lights from the nose to the wing to increase bulb life, while 1983 added some minor soundproofing improvements and thicker windows. 1984 introduced a second door latch pin, a thicker windshield and side windows, additional avionics capacity, and low-vacuum warning lights. 2,664 total built; 1,052 (1981), 724 (1982), 319 (1983), 179 (1984), 256 (1985), and 134 (1986), plus 215 by Reims as the F172P. Following the end of 172P production in 1986, Cessna ceased production of the Skyhawk for ten years. The 172S is built primarily for the private owner-operator and is, in its later years, offered with the Garmin G1000 avionics package and leather seats as standard equipment. , the 172S model was the only Skyhawk model in production. Variants under 175 type certificate As the Cessna 175 Skylark had gained a reputation for poor engine reliability, Cessna attempted to regain sales by rebranding the aircraft as a variant of the 172. Several later 172 variants, generally those with higher-than-standard engine power or gross weight, were built under the 175 type certificate although most did not use the unpopular Continental GO-300-E engine from the 175. ; The 175 Skylark was rebranded for the 1963 model year as the P172D Powermatic, continuing where the Skylark left off at 175C. It was powered by a Continental GO-300-E with a geared reduction drive powering a constant-speed propeller, increasing cruise speed by over the standard 172D. It differed from the 175C in that it had a cut-down rear fuselage with an "Omni-Vision" rear window and an increased horizontal stabilizer span. A deluxe version was marketed as the Skyhawk Powermatic with a slightly increased top speed. Despite the rebranding, sales did not meet expectations, and the 175 type was discontinued for the civilian market after the 1963 model year. As the T-41B, the R172E was powered by a fuel-injected Continental IO-360-D or -DE driving a constant-speed propeller, and featured a 28V electrical system, jettisonable doors, an openable right front window, a 6.00x6 nose wheel tire and military avionics, but no baggage door. The T-41C was similar to the T-41B, but had a 14V electrical system, a fixed-pitch propeller, civilian avionics, and no rear seats. The T-41D featured a 28V electrical system, four seats, corrosion-proofing, reinforced flaps and ailerons, a baggage door, and provisions for wing-mounted pylons. 255 T-41B, 45 T-41C, and 34 T-41D aircraft were built. While Cessna produced the R172E exclusively for military use, Reims built a civilian model as the FR172E Reims Rocket, with 60 built for the 1968 model year. ; The R172F was similar to the R172E and was built in both T-41C and T-41D variants. 7 (T-41C) and 74 (T-41D) built, plus 85 by Reims as the FR172F Reims Rocket for the 1969 model year. However, owners claimed that the increased performance of the "XP" did not compensate for its increased purchase price and the higher operating costs associated with the larger engine. The aircraft was well accepted for use on floats, however, as the standard 172 is not a strong floatplane, even with only two people on board, while the XP's extra power improves water takeoff performance dramatically. ; Cessna introduced a retractable landing gear version of the 172 in 1980, designating it as the 172RG and marketing it as the Cutlass RG. The 172RG first flew on August 24, 1976. It was the lowest-priced four-seat retractable-gear airplane on the U.S. market when it was introduced. Although the general aviation aircraft market was contracting at the time, the RG proved popular as an inexpensive flight-school trainer for complex aircraft and commercial pilot ratings under U.S. pilot certification rules, which required demonstrating proficiency in an aircraft with retractable landing gear. The 172RG uses the same basic landing gear as the heavier R182 Skylane RG, which Cessna touted as a benefit, saying it was a proven design; No significant design updates were made to the 172RG during its five-year model run. Although it is slower and has less passenger and cargo capacity than popular competing single-engine retractable-gear aircraft such as the Beechcraft Bonanza, the Cutlass RG is praised by owners for its relatively low operating costs, robust and reliable engine, and docile flying qualities comparable to the standard 172, although it has higher landing gear maintenance and insurance costs than a fixed-gear 172. Initial retail price in 2014 was $435,000 (~$ in ). The model has a top speed of and burns per hour less fuel than the standard 172. As a result, the model has an range, an increase of more than 38% over the standard 172. This model is a development of the proposed and then canceled Skyhawk TD. Cessna has indicated that the JT-A will be made available in 2016. In reviewing this new model Paul Bertorelli of AVweb said: "I'm sure Cessna will find some sales for the Skyhawk JT-A, but at $420,000, it's hard to see how it will ignite much market expansion just because it's a Cessna. It gives away $170,000 to the near-new Redbird Redhawk conversion which is a lot of change to pay merely for the smell of a new airplane. Diesel engines cost more than twice as much to manufacture as gasoline engines do and although their fuel efficiency gains back some of that investment, if the complete aircraft package is too pricey, the debt service will eat up any savings, making a new aircraft not just unattractive, but unaffordable. I haven't run the numbers on the JT-A yet, but I can tell from previous analysis that there are definite limits." It was discontinued in May 2018, due to poor sales as a result of the aircraft's high price, which was twice the price of the same aircraft as a diesel conversion. The aircraft remains available as an STC conversion from Continental Motors, Inc. ; In July 2010, Cessna announced it was developing an electrically powered 172 as a proof-of-concept in partnership with Bye Energy. In July 2011, Bye Energy, whose name had been changed to Beyond Aviation, announced the prototype had commenced taxi tests on 22 July 2011 and a first flight would follow soon. In 2012, the prototype, using Panacis batteries, engaged in multiple successful test flights. The R&D project was not pursued for production. Canceled model ; On October 4, 2007, Cessna announced its plan to build a diesel-powered model, to be designated the 172 Skyhawk TD ("Turbo Diesel") starting in mid-2008. Simulator company Redbird Flight uses the same engine and reconditioned 172 airframes to produce a similar model, the Redbird Redhawk. Premier Aircraft Sales also announced in February 2014 that it would offer refurbished 172 airframes equipped with the Continental/Thielert Centurion 2.0 diesel engine. ==Military operators==
Military operators
A variant of the 172, the T-41 Mescalero was used as a trainer with the United States Air Force and Army. In addition, the United States Border Patrol uses a fleet of 172s for aerial surveillance along the Mexico-US border. From 1972 to 2019 the Irish Air Corps used the Reims version for aerial surveillance and monitoring of cash, prisoner and explosive escorts, in addition to army cooperation and pilot training roles. For T-41 operators, see Cessna T-41 Mescalero. ; • FAPA/DAA ; • Austrian Air Force 1× 172 ; • Bolivian Air Force 3× 172K ; • Chilean Army 18× R172K (retired) ; • Colombian Air Force – To replace Cessna T-41s used for primary training with deliveries from June 2021. ; • Ecuadorian Air Force 8× 172F • Ecuadorian Army 1× 172G ; • Honduran Air Force 3 ; • Indonesian Air Force Academy ; • Iraqi Air Force ; • Irish Air Corps 8× FR172H, 1× FR172K Five FR172H remained in service until 2019. ; • Air Reconnaissance Unit 2 ; • Lithuanian Air Force 1 ; • Malagasy Air Force 4× 172M ; • Nicaraguan Air Force 7 ; • Pakistan Air Force 4× 172N ; • Philippine Army -3 Units of 172M in In service (PA-101, PA-103 & PA-911) • Philippine Navy - 1×172F - Donated By Olympic Aviation in 2007 as PN 330. 1×172N - Purchased from Welcome Export Inc. in July 2008 as PN 331, ; • Royal Saudi Air Force 8× F172G, 4× F172H, 4× F172M ; • Republic of Singapore Air Force 8× 172K, delivered 1969 and retired 1972. ; • Suriname Air Force (One in service for sale) ; • Timor-Leste Defence Force Light Air Component ==Accidents and incidents==
Accidents and incidents
's Cessna F172P, used in his flight from Helsinki to Moscow, on display at the German Museum of Technology, Berlin • On February 13, 1964, Ken Hubbs, second baseman for the Chicago Cubs and winner of the Rookie of the Year Award and the Gold Glove Award, was killed when the Cessna 172 he was flying crashed near Bird Island in Utah Lake. • On October 23, 1964, David Box, lead singer for The Crickets on their 1960 release version of "Peggy Sue Got Married" and "Don't Cha Know" and later a solo artist, was killed when the Cessna 172 he was aboard crashed in northwest Harris County, Texas, while en route to a performance. Box was the second lead vocalist for The Crickets to die in a plane crash, following Buddy Holly. • On August 31, 1969, American professional boxer Rocky Marciano was killed when the Cessna 172 in which he was a passenger crashed on approach to an airfield outside Newton, Iowa. • On September 25, 1978, a Cessna 172, N7711G, and Pacific Southwest Airlines Flight 182, a Boeing 727, collided over San Diego, California. There were 144 fatalities, 2 in the Cessna 172, 135 on the PSA Flight 182 and 7 on the ground. • On May 28, 1987, a rented Reims Cessna F172P, registered D-ECJB, was used by German teenage pilot Mathias Rust in an unauthorized flight from Helsinki-Malmi Airport through Soviet airspace to land near the Red Square in Moscow, all without being intercepted by Soviet air defense. • On April 9, 1990, Atlantic Southeast Airlines Flight 2254, an Embraer EMB 120 Brasilia, collided head-on with a Civil Air Patrol Cessna 172, N99501, while en route from Gadsden Municipal Airport to Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport. The Cessna crashed, killing two occupants, but the Brasilia made a safe emergency landing. • On January 5, 2002, high school student Charles J. Bishop stole a Cessna 172, N2371N, and intentionally crashed it into the side of the Bank of America Tower in downtown Tampa, Florida, killing only himself and otherwise causing very little damage. • On April 6, 2009, a Cessna 172N, C-GFJH, belonging to Confederation College in Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada, was stolen by a student who flew it into United States airspace over Lake Superior. The 172 was intercepted and followed by NORAD F-16s, finally landing on Highway 60 in Ellsinore, Missouri, after a seven-hour flight. The student pilot, a Canadian citizen born in Turkey, Adam Dylan Leon, formerly known as Yavuz Berke, suffered from depression and was attempting to commit suicide by being shot down, but was instead arrested shortly after landing. On November 3, 2009, he was sentenced to two years in a US federal prison after pleading guilty to all three charges against him: interstate transportation of a stolen aircraft, importation of a stolen aircraft, and illegal entry into the US. College procedures at the time allowed easy access to aircraft and keys were routinely left in them. • On August 16, 2015, Cessna 172M N1285U collided in midair with a private North American Sabreliner, N442RM, on approach to Brown Field Municipal Airport in California, killing all five people on board the two aircraft. The cause was found to be air traffic control error. This accident, together with another fatal 2015 mid-air collision under similar circumstances, prompted the U.S. National Transportation Safety Board to recommend that the FAA more strongly emphasize scenario-based training for controllers. • On November 11, 2021, Glen de Vries, co-founder of Medidata Solutions and Blue Origin space tourist, died in the crash of a 172 near Hampton Township, New Jersey. • On March 5, 2024, a 172M of 99 Flying School, 5Y-NNJ, crashed after colliding with Safarilink Aviation Flight 053, a de Havilland Canada Dash 8, near Wilson Airport over Nairobi National Park, killing the instructor and student pilot aboard the 172. The Safarilink flight landed safely with no injuries to the 44 people on board. ==Specifications (172R)==
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