Elowitz's research seeks to learn how to program new behaviors in living cells through a "build to understand" approach. His laboratory integrates synthetic biology, quantitative systems biology, and single-cell analysis techniques. Lab research has focused on biological circuits that process and store information, allow cell-cell communication, generate differentiation and other dynamic cell behaviors, as well as circuits that can provide therapeutic capabilities.
The repressilator As a graduate student, Elowitz designed and constructed the repressilator, a synthetic genetic oscillator composed of three transcriptional repressors arranged in a cyclic inhibitory loop. This fully synthetic circuit, rationally designed using mathematical modeling, generated periodic fluorescence oscillations in individual cells, demonstrating that engineered gene networks can produce predictable dynamic behaviors. Together with a simultaneous demonstration of synthetic toggle switches, this work sparked the development of synthetic biology.
Stochastic gene expression and its functional roles A major theme of Elowitz's work has been quantifying how stochastic biochemical events lead to both useful and deleterious biological variation. In 2002, his group introduced two fluorescent reporters into the same cells, enabling them to quantify intrinsic stochastic noise in gene expression from other, extrinsic, sources of variation, such as fluctuations in upstream components. Subsequent time-lapse studies showed that intrinsic and extrinsic noise operate on distinct timescales, and showed that correlations in stochastic fluctuations can be used to infer molecular interactions in synthetic and natural circuits. Elowitz's lab also revealed functional roles for noise. For example, they showed how excitable gene-circuit architectures generate probabilistic, rather than deterministic, differentiation behaviors to enable bet-hedging in prokaryotes. In a different study, Elowitz and his team showed how noise in bacterial sporulation could facilitate developmental evolution by enabling partially penetrant mutant phenotypes. Extending this approach to mammalian cells, he worked with
Ellen Rothenberg to show that stochastic epigenetic events at a single gene could control
T cell lineage commitment. Collectively, this and other work established that stochastic interactions can control cellular decision-making.
Pulsing, dynamics, and time-based regulation Building on these discoveries, Elowitz's group went on to discover an inherently dynamic mode of gene regulation, in which transcription factors regulate genes through dynamic pulsing rather than through steady activation levels. In these systems, cells control the frequency and relative timing of activity pulses rather than tune steady-state factor activities. In yeast, they showed that the Crz1 transcription factor undergoes frequency-modulated nuclear localization bursts whose rate encodes upstream input signals, enabling cells to coordinate the responses of many genes. They then demonstrated that cells use the relative timing of pulses to integrate information from multiple signaling pathways. Interestingly, pulsatile regulation was not limited to eukaryotes. Elowitz's team showed that bacteria generate dynamic pulses of the sigma factors regulating the general stress response. Collectively, this work revealed a pervasive, inherently dynamic mode of gene regulation, its mechanistic basis, and its functional roles.
Discovery of eukaryotic circuit design principles Moving from gene regulation to cell-cell communication, Elowitz's laboratory uncovered principles of important signaling pathways. His group discovered that interactions between Notch receptors and ligands in the same cell (cis interactions) can generate mutually exclusive "sender" and "receiver" states or allow autocrine signaling. They further discovered that different Notch ligands can activate distinct transcriptional programs through a single receptor by activating it with different dynamics, showing how signaling pathways use dynamics to encode and decode informatio.n Extending this work to spatial patterning, Elowitz's team reconstituted and re-wired morphogen signaling pathways in spatial systems to understand what features of signaling pathways enable precise spatial patterning. This work revealed specific circuit design principles underlying patterning in the Sonic Hedgehog and Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) pathways. Elowitz's laboratory also uncovered principles of combinatorial encoding. A ubiquitous feature of cell signaling systems is their use of many-to-many interactions among sets of ligand and receptor variants. The Elowitz team showed this feature allows information to be encoded in ligand combinations and contextually decoded in different ways by different cell types. They also worked out functional implications of this scheme in subsequent papers. The laboratory has extended this principle to systems of interacting transcription factors, showing that they could similarly provide contextual responses to combinatorial inputs. Elowitz and his team also applied synthetic biology and rewiring approaches to understand and engineer epigenetic memory, showing how cells write and maintain stable memory states at individual loci through a dynamic, stochastic system.
Synthetic recording systems and differentiation dynamics A major challenge in biology is to recover the dynamic histories of individual cells. With Long Cai and others, the Elowitz lab developed MEMOIR, a system for recording lineage and cellular event histories within cellular genomes. A distinguishing feature of these systems is their ability to recover lineage information from images, preserving spatial organization. Together with
Jay Shendure and
Alex Schier, Elowitz co-directed the Allen Discovery Center for Cell Lineage Tracing to enable the engineering of synthetic recording systems. Alongside this work, they also created and demonstrated methods for inferring cell fate programs from lineage histories.
Synthetic protein circuits and multicellular synthetic biology The Elowitz laboratory focuses on extending synthetic biology approaches to the protein level and providing foundations for synthetic multicellular systems. For example, Elowitz and his group developed programmable protein circuits based on engineered proteases that can sense, process, and respond to signals in mammalian cells, or function as intracellular biochemical neural networks. The lab engineered other protein systems to function as RNA export systems, enabling non-destructive cell tracking, and allowing cell-to-cell transfer or delivery of mRNA. The Elowitz lab introduced "MultiFate", a synthetic circuit of engineered transcription factors that allows cells to exist in multiple stable states, and provides a foundation for engineering synthetic cell fate control. In related work, the lab engineered cells that could control their own population size in a mutationally robust fashion, a necessary step for synthetic multicellularity.
Foundations for therapeutic circuits A key promise of
synthetic biology is the ability to rationally engineer new types of therapeutics with greater precision and specificity. To increase precision in gene therapy, the Elowitz lab developed synthetic miRNA circuits that make protein expression independent of uncontrollable variation in gene dosage. The Elowitz lab has introduced therapeutic circuits — sets of engineered proteins that can be delivered as mRNA in lipid nanoparticles to selectively kill cancer cells. By linking recognition of cancer cell state to cell killing, these circuits could help to overcome limitations with targeted therapies, such as resistance. ==Awards==