He was active in
Temporary Commission of Confederated Independence Parties. During
World War I he fought in the
Polish Legions. From 1918 to 1921 he worked in
Ministers of Internal Affairs. In 1920 he was one of the founders of the
National Workers' Party, from 1929 to 1937 he was the president of this party. From 1922 to 1927 he was a member of the
Sejm. From 1930 he was a member of
Centrolew and
Front Morges alliances. In the period from September to December 1930, he was imprisoned by the
Sanation authorities in the
Brest Fortress for political reasons. From 1937 to 1939 he was the vice president and in practice leader of the
Labor Party. After
German aggression against Poland, he went to
France and later to
United Kingdom, where he worked in the structures of the
Polish government-in-exile. From autumn 1939 to November 1941, he was
undersecretary of state in the Ministry of Labor and Social Welfare. He was a supporter of the policy of general
Władysław Sikorski. After the
German invasion of the Soviet Union, a supporter of the normalization of Polish-
Soviet relations. From October 1941 to January 1942, he served as minister of justice. From January 1942 to July 1943, he served as
minister without portfolio and from July 1943 to November 1944, he served as minister of reconstruction of public administration. In the summer of 1945 he returned to Poland. Until 1946, he was a leader of
Labor Party. From December 1945 to March 1946, he was a member of the
State National Council. In November 1947 he went to the
United States. Later he stayed in
Paris. From 1962 he lived in
Rome. In exile, he sought recognition by
Western European countries of the
Poland-German border on the Oder and Lusatian Neisse. He was buried at
Powązki Cemetery in
Warsaw. == Awards ==