Västerås HK Backlund began his
junior hockey career with the
VIK Västerås HK organization in the
J20 SuperElit,
Sweden's premier junior league. His impressive two-way play earned him the opportunity to play for Västerås' senior team in the second-tier
HockeyAllsvenskan as a 16-year-old. In his debut on 2 November 2005, during an away game against
Växjö Lakers, Backlund scored a goal in the first period of a 4–0 win and was selected as the player of the game for his team. He tallied four points in his 12 games in HockeyAllsvenskan during the 2005–06 season. That same season, Backlund was dominant in the 2006
TV-pucken, a national under-17 tournament in Sweden played among districts. Leading the tournament in goal- and point-scoring, he was selected as the most valuable player and given the
Sven Tumba Award as best forward in the tournament. training camp, September 2008. Although he attended the Flames training camp, he returned to Västerås to play another season there. Backlund played another two seasons for Västerås HK, splitting time in the J20 SuperElit and HockeyAllsvenskan. During this time, he was selected in the first round, 24th overall, by the
Calgary Flames in the
2007 NHL entry draft. Scouts had ranked him second amongst European skaters. Following the 2007–08 season, Backlund signed an entry-level contract with the Flames. He impressed during the rookie camp but was not as successful during the main training camp, and started the 2008–09 season playing on loan for Västerås back in HockeyAllsvenskan.
Calgary Flames Backlund began the
2009–10 season with the Flames'
American Hockey League (AHL) affiliate, the
Abbotsford Heat. On 26 January 2010, he was called up to play on the NHL squad, and scored his first NHL goal on 28 January against the
Phoenix Coyotes. He split the season between the AHL and NHL, scoring 32 points in 54 games in Abbotsford, and ten points in 23 games with Calgary. Though he spent most of the
2010–11 season in Calgary, Backlund struggled offensively early, and after scoring just eight points in his first 32 games, was sat out of six consecutive games as a healthy scratch before being sent to Abbotsford on a brief conditioning stint. He appeared in 73 games for the Flames, scoring ten goals and 25 points. Injuries plagued Backlund throughout
2011–12. He was expected to centre the Flames' top line between
Jarome Iginla and
Alex Tanguay, but suffered a broken finger in training camp that twice required surgery to repair and caused him to miss the first six weeks of the season. He then suffered a shoulder injury in a mid-February game while attempting to confront a
Vancouver Canucks player he felt had injured a teammate. The injury ended his season, and in 41 games, he scored only 11 points. Following the season, the Flames re-signed Backlund to a new contract for the
2012–13 season, a one-year deal worth US$725,000. However, with the season's start delayed by a
labour dispute, Backlund returned to Sweden for the balance of the lockout. He re-joined Västerås and appeared in 23 games for the team, scoring 12 goals and 30 points before returning to North America after a new deal between the NHL and its players was reached. His performance with Västerås provided a confidence boost for Backlund, who said that he wanted to return to Calgary and "show everybody I can play way better." Backlund enjoyed a solid NHL season upon coming back to Calgary, missing 16 games but still managing to post one point every two games on average for the first time in his career. His eight goals and sixteen points were eighth and tenth on a rebuilding Flames team which badly missed the playoffs. In July 2013, the Flames signed Backlund to a two-year, $3 million contract extension. That season, he recorded the best totals of his career in every offensive category, finishing third on the Flames in goals (18) and fourth in points (39). While the team around him regressed to the worst finish in team history, Backlund asserted himself as one of its top offensive threats. In
2014–15, Backlund faltered slightly, suffering through injuries and trade rumours; however, the Flames surprisingly skyrocketed up the standings en route to their first playoff berth in six years. Backlund's 10 goals and 27 points were just 11th and 12th on the Flames, but he only played 52 games in the regular season. He continued struggling into the playoffs, only recording 1 goal and 1 assist in 11 games played. However, the one goal Backlund scored was an important one, as it came in overtime of Game 3 of the Flames' second-round series against the Anaheim Ducks to give Calgary their first win past the first round in 13 years. On 20 June 2015, Backlund signed a three-year, $10.725 million contract extension with Calgary. Put on a line with free-agent acquisition
Michael Frolík, Backlund enjoyed his most productive year yet in
2015–16, passing the 20-goal and 40-point plateaus for the first time in his career. His final totals were 21 goals and 26 assists for 47 points. While contributing significantly in the offensive zone, Backlund also established himself as a defensive catalyst, forming a tag-team on the penalty kill with Frolík; together, the two of them combined for five short-handed goals in the season. Backlund finished first on the team in the plus/minus column, sporting a +10. Backlund kept improving in
2016–17, turning into one of the NHL's premier two-way players. At the discretion of new head coach
Glen Gulutzan, rookie
Matthew Tkachuk was slotted in on the left side of Backlund and Frolík, forming a line dubbed by fans and media as the "3M Line". Matthew, Mikael and Michael formed one of the most potent lines in the NHL in 2016–17, combining for 145 points, the most of any Flames line. Contributing the most offense to that line was Backlund, who once again eclipsed his career-highs by posting 22 goals and 53 points, good for second and third on the Flames. He also played well past the regular season, posting a goal and two assists in four playoff games. However, it was Backlund's defensive work that began to receive recognition around the NHL in 2016–17, as he finished fourth in voting for the
Frank J. Selke Trophy, awarded each year to the NHL's best defensive forward. On 16 February 2018, Backlund signed a six-year, $32.1 million contract extension with the Flames. On 27 September 2023, Backlund signed a two-year contract extension with the Flames, and was named the 21st captain in franchise history. On March 12, 2025, Backlund out week-to-week suffered an upper-body injury after hit
Victor Mancini in the first period neck
concussion. ==International play==