Shtalenkov began his major-league hockey career with Dynamo Moscow in 1986, backing up veteran star
Vladimir Myshkin. The team won the Soviet Championship in 1990, ending the 13-year dominance of rival team
CSKA Moscow, with Shtalenkov and Myshkin splitting playing time almost evenly. Dynamo went on to win the championship the next two years in 1991 and 1992, with Shtalenkov entrenched as the starter. By the 1991–92 season, he was also the starting goaltender on the Soviet national team. Shtalenkov moved to North America in 1992, after backstopping the
Unified Team to the Olympic gold medal, signing with
Milwaukee Admirals of the
International Hockey League. After one season, he was drafted 108th overall by the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim in 1993 and spent five seasons with the team. He originally began with the IHL's
San Diego Gulls, but received the call-up to the Mighty Ducks after
Ron Tugnutt was traded to the
Montreal Canadiens and Shtalenkov served as back-up to
Guy Hebert and would continue to do so until the 1997-98 season. During the 1997 Play Offs against Detroit he took over for
Guy Hebert who suffered a knee injury in Game 2 and performed very well forcing the Red Wings into overtime in every game, facing 162 shots in the series. In Game 4 he registered 70 saves in a double overtime loss. Under new head coach
Pierre Page he saw more ice time and became their starting goalie in 97/98 on March 8, 1998 after Guy Hebert suffered a severe shoulder injury forcing him to miss the remainder of the season. He appeared in 18 of the last 21 games playing a career-high 40 games. Shtalenkov was claimed in the
1998 NHL Expansion Draft by the
Nashville Predators but was later traded to the
Edmonton Oilers in exchange for
Éric Fichaud. In his one season with the Oilers, he shared the starting goaltender role with
Bob Essensa, but was acquired by the
Phoenix Coyotes at the end of the season and served as Nikolai Khabibulin's back up. After only a handful of games in Phoenix in late 1999, Shtalenkov was traded once more to the
Florida Panthers for
Sean Burke. In 2000, Shtalenkov returned to Dynamo Moscow and eventually retired from hockey in 2002. ==International play==