• The Andean
Taki Unquy movement of the 1560s and 1570s, opposing the diseases arriving with the Spanish conquerors. • The presumed death in the
battle of Alcácer Quibir of King
Sebastian of Portugal in 1578 was not accepted by many Portuguese people, who believed that he would return to lead his kingdom. Their
Sebastianism extended to Brazil where the establishment of the secular
Republic of Brazil in 1889 led many to belief Sebastian would reappear to restore monarchy. • The
Tepehuán Revolt in 1620s Mexico was an attempt to expel Spanish colonists and priests and to return to traditional ways. • The 1637–38
Shimabara Rebellion in Japan, including numerous peasants converted to Catholicism. • The
Pueblo Revolt of 1680 in Spanish New Mexico under the religious figure
Po'pay. • The
Antonianism movement, a syncretic Catholic movement in the Kingdom of Kongo led by the prophet
Kimpa Vita (1704–1708) • The
Cruzob movement, which sought to revive the
indigenous Maya religion during the
Caste War in the Yucatán Peninsula (1847–1901). •
Tenskwatawa the "Shawnee Prophet", who called for a return to ancestral ways and the defeat of European colonial power from 1805. •
Kuzma Alekseyev, a prophet in
Mordovia active in 1806–1810; he taught about a universal kingdom based on a syncretic Christian—Traditional Mordvin religion • Various
Māori millenarian movements in the 19th century in New Zealand. •
Bábism and
Baháʼísm, two
perennialist movements founded in 1844 and thereafter in
Qajar Persia by self-proclaimed prophets. • The 1854–1858
Xhosa cattle-killing movement of
South Africa, led by the prophetess
Nongqawuse. • The
God Worshipping Society of the
Taiping Rebellion, which fused Anglo-American
Protestant Christian and Chinese elements into a movement that focused the resentment of
Han Chinese against the ruling
Manchu Qing dynasty.
Hong Xiuquan, their leader, proclaimed himself to be the second son of
God and brother of
Jesus Christ, as well as the
Tian Zi (Son of Heaven), a sacred title of the
Chinese emperor. He would establish the
Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, which controlled much of southern China from 1851 to 1864. • The
Revolt of the Muckers in southern Brazil, 1873–1874. • The 1885–1899
Mahdist State in
Sudan, established by
Muhammad Ahmad, who proclaimed himself the
Mahdi and led a
jihad against the
Khedive of Egypt's rule over the Sudan and the
British Empire. • The
Ghost Dance movement, spreading across western Native Americans in the United states of America in 1890. •
Teresa Urrea, a Sonoran mystic who inspired the 1891–1892
Tomochic Rebellion and the 1896
Yaqui Uprising in North America. • The
Battle of Kuruyuki was the 1892 attempt of the
Eastern Bolivian Guarani to combat Christianity and Bolivian settlers. • Korea's syncretic
Donghak Peasant Revolution, 1894–1895. •
Canudos was a folk-Catholic commune in backcountry Bahia, Brazil,
brutally crushed in 1897 by the new Brazilian Republic. • The
Righteous Harmony Society during the 1899–1901
Boxer Rebellion was a Chinese movement reacting against Western colonialism. • The
Ahmadiyya movement, an Islamic messianic movement with millenarian elements, founded by
Mirza Ghulam Ahmad (d. 1908), who claimed to be the
Mahdi and Messiah in
British India during the late nineteenth century. • The
Guaycuruan-speaking
Toba attempted to regain control of the
Gran Chaco in Argentina in 1904. •
Burkhanism was a 1904
Altayan movement led by a visionary; it reacted against
Russification. • The 1905–1907
Maji Maji Rebellion in German East Africa was influenced by an African
spirit medium who gave his followers war medicine that he said would turn German bullets into water. • The 1912–1916
Contestado War in Brazil. • The 1914
Rapa Nui rebellion on Rapa Nui (Easter Island) inspired by
Angata's prophetic visions. •
Chilembwe uprising, a 1915 uprising in
Nyasaland led by a Baptist minister,
John Chilembwe, with
diverse social, political, and spiritual motivations that included some members with millenarian beliefs. • The Melanesian
John Frum cargo cult believed in a return of their ancestors brought by Western technology since the 1930s. • A number of
religious movements in the African diaspora for example,
Haitian Vodou,
Louisiana Voodoo,
Santería,
Candomblé, and
Hoodoo –
syncretise Christian and
traditional West African beliefs and practices, sometimes with influence from other traditions such as
Native American religions,
Islam,
Spiritism, or
Western esotericism. While these religions are not themselves especially millenarian, they would have a heavy influence on later religious movements in the
African diaspora, such as
Rastafari, the
Nation of Islam, the
Nuwaubian Nation, and the
Black Hebrew Israelites which
do have strong millenarian doctrines. These later movements also greatly emphasise
black nationalist identity, present themselves as movements for political as well as spiritual liberation, have a history of encouraging black solidarity and political activism, and have variously been involved in political violence. (Other religious movements in the African diaspora, such as
Ethiopianism (a movement among black Americans to adopt
Ethiopian Christianity) or the
American Society of Muslims (an organisation of
black Sunni Muslims, in opposition to the
Nation of Islam), may, like these millenarian
new religious movements, share an emphasis on black identity, political activism, and community-building, but they also emphasise the teachings of existing religions (
Ethiopian Christianity and
Sunni Islam, respectively), and so are not millennarian religions.) ==See also==