Barn (unit)

atom; its nucleus has a cross-section of approximately 0.1 barn. During Manhattan Project research on the atomic bomb during World War II, American physicists Marshall Holloway and Charles P. Baker were working at Purdue University on a project using a particle accelerator to measure the cross sections of certain nuclear reactions. According to an account of theirs from a couple years later, they were dining in a cafeteria in December 1942 and discussing their work. They "lamented" that there was no name for the unit of cross section and challenged themselves to develop one. They initially tried eponyms, names of "some great men closely associated with the field" that they could name the unit after, but struggled to find one that was appropriate. They considered "Oppenheimer" too long (in retrospect, they considered an "Oppy" to perhaps have been allowable), and considered "Bethe" to be too easily confused with the commonly used Greek letter beta. They then considered naming it after John Manley, another scientist associated with their work, but considered "Manley" too long and "John" too closely associated with toilets. But this latter association, combined with the "rural background" of one of the scientists, suggested to them the term "barn", which also worked because the unit was "really as big as a barn". According to the authors, the first published use of the term was in a (secret) Los Alamos report from late June 1943, on which the two originators were co-authors. == SI prefixes ==

The unit symbol for the barn (b) is also the IEEE standard symbol for bit, and both are commonly used with SI prefixes, which may give rise to ambiguity. == Conversions ==

Calculated cross sections may be given in terms of inverse squared gigaelectronvolts (GeV−2), via the conversion ħ2c2/GeV2 = = . In natural units (where ħ = c = 1), this simplifies to GeV−2 = = . With prefix In the SI, one can use a unit such as the square femtometer (fm2). The most common prefixed form of the barn is the femtobarn, which is equal to a tenth of a square zeptometer. Many scientific papers discussing high-energy physics mention quantities of that are a fraction of a femtobarn. == Inverse femtobarn ==

The inverse femtobarn (fb−1) is the unit typically used to measure the number of particle collision events per femtobarn of target cross-section, and is the conventional unit for time-integrated luminosity. Thus, if a detector has accumulated of integrated luminosity, one expects to find 100 events per femtobarn of cross-section within these data. Consider a particle accelerator where two streams of particles, with cross-sectional areas measured in femtobarns, are directed to collide over a period of time. The total number of collisions will be directly proportional to the luminosity of the collisions measured over this time. Therefore, the collision count can be calculated by multiplying the integrated luminosity by the sum of the cross-section for those collision processes. This count is then expressed as inverse femtobarns for the time period (e.g., 100 fb−1 in nine months). Inverse femtobarns are often quoted as an indication of particle collider productivity. Fermilab produced in the first decade of the 21st century. Fermilab's Tevatron took about 4 years to reach in 2005, while two of CERN's LHC experiments, ATLAS and CMS, reached over of proton–proton data in 2011 alone. In April 2012, the LHC achieved the collision energy of with a luminosity peak of 6760 inverse microbarns per second; by May 2012, the LHC delivered 1 inverse femtobarn of data per week to each detector collaboration. A record of over 23 fb−1 was achieved during 2012. As of November 2016, the LHC had achieved over that year, significantly exceeding the stated goal of . In total, the second run of the LHC has delivered around to both ATLAS and CMS in 2015–2018. Usage example As a simplified example, if a beamline runs for 8 hours (28 800 seconds) at an instantaneous luminosity of   , then it will gather data totaling an integrated luminosity of  =  = during this period. If this is multiplied by the cross-section, then a dimensionless number is obtained equal to the number of expected scattering events. == See also ==