Ministry of Communications (Soviet Union)

Posts and Telegraphs (1923–32) In 1922, the Soviet Union was formed. Its founding document stated that, among different areas, "jurisdiction of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, as represented by its supreme bodies shall be": The same document defined that "the Executive Body of the Central Executive Committee of the Union is the Council of People's Commissars of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (CPC Union), elected by the Central Executive Committee of the Union for the term of the latter," and it would comprise the People's Commissar for Posts and Telegraphs. In the Council of People's Commissars of the Union republics, the People's Commissariat for Posts and Telegraphs had "an advisory capacity." Accordingly, after the formation of the Soviet Union, the People's Commissariat for Posts and Telegraphs of the USSR was created in 1923 instead of the similar agency of the RSFSR. Regulations on the new Commissariat were approved by the USSR Central Executive Committee session on 12 November 1923. In 1924, the People's Commissariat for Posts and Telegraphs set up a mobile postal service, providing it to rural localities. In 1925, an area inhabited by 68% of the USSR population (27% of the population centres) was covered by home delivery of mail. Regular radio broadcasting started in 1924, with radio broadcast stations being established in 1925 in Leningrad, Kiev, Minsk, Nizhny Novgorod, and other cities. By 1929, the telegraph networks destroyed in the Civil War of 1918–1920 were restored to the pre-World War I level. Further improvement of telegraph communication was aimed at a conversion to letter-printing telegraphs. The first facsimile communications line was opened in 1929. In the same year, an automatic switching system for 6,000 numbers was opened in Rostov-on-Don. In 1930, two regional automatic switching systems were launched in Moscow. 1932–1946 The Commissariat was organised on 17 January 1932 by renaming from the People's Commissariat for Posts and Telegraphs of the USSR. Over the years of the pre-World War II five-year plans (1929–1940), there was a rapid development of the Soviet communication system and industry. High-frequency equipment was introduced for long-distance communication. Use of such equipment allowed to transmit three, four, or 12 telephone calls over a pair of wires or 16 telegrams over a single telephone channel. In 1939, construction of a high-frequency three-channel line between Moscow and Khabarovsk (8,600 km) provided dependable communication between the USSR central regions and the Far East. By late 1940, the Moscow Central Telegraph Office had 22 facsimile lines. In 1941, a 12-channel line between Moscow and Leningrad was put into operation that meant the concurrent transmission of 12 telephone calls over a single pair of wires. In the 1930s, the rural (intraraion) telephone communication was first set up. In 1940, it reached 70% of the areas under rural soviets, 76.3% of the sovkhozes, and 9.2% of the kolkhozes. As a ministry (1946–1991) It was originally set up as an all-Union ministry, and in December 1954 transformed into a Union-Republican one. The Ministry of Communications of the USSR was responsible for the maintenance and further development of all types of communications in general use, and technical means of radio and television broadcasting. It was also in charge of the periodicals distribution as well as the provision of technological progress in the industry, the quality of communication services, and the most complete and continuous needs of the country media and communication services. Additionally, the Ministry was responsible for issuing postage stamps and postal stationery (envelopes, postcards, etc.), which were used in the postal system of the Soviet Union. The Ministry was terminated on 26 December 1991 due to the abolition of the Soviet Union. All Ministry assets, premises and other facilities in the territory of the Russian Federation were delegated to the Ministry of Communications of the Russian Federation. File:StampedPostcard1956-1961.jpg|Address side of a 1956 illustrated stamped postcard marked with a surcharge of the new price in 1961 File:Official mail cover USSR Odessa 1975.jpg|Official mail cover postmarked in Odessa on 12 April 1974. The auxiliary postal marking states: "Official / Ministry of Communications" () File:USSR Telegram Form F-TG1a, 1988.jpg|A blank telegram form (1988) == Philatelic policy ==

1923–1932 The Commissariat was the central office responsible for issuing postage stamps of the Soviet Union. In addition to overprinting older issues, the government created new postage stamps. Between 1922 and 1930, there were also stamps meant to raise money for famine relief, child welfare and other charity purposes. The government also tried to generate money from stamp sales abroad. However, at the beginning this amount was quite small as compared, for example, to the total of 522.6 million rubles for all Soviet exports during 1923–1924. Since 1929, the Soviet government had started paying more attention to this revenue source and selling more stamps abroad. Such sales had both financial and propagandistic objectives. File:НКПТ СССР крышка люка 1929.JPG|Another telephone hatch version, with the official emblem of the Commissariat, Kharkov, 1929 File:A s popov zegel kl.jpg|Revenue stamp issued by the Commissariat to support radio broadcasting that depicts , 1926 1932–1946 The People's Commissariat for Communications of the USSR was responsible for issuing postage stamps. It also sold stamps to philatelic organisations and collectors. By 1939–1940, the revenue from stamp sales through philatelic organisations was significant. In that same year, it secured over 85% of the total income of the Commissariat (or 17.28 million rubles of 19.833 million rubles). The Soviet government was not an exception among the other states in terms of deriving a profit from the postage stamp trade. In fact, many governments around the world developed similar policies for issuing stamps: File:Postcar.jpg|Soviet postal truck in the 1930s File:1944TelegramNKSKharkov.jpg|Telegramme of the People's Commissariat for Communications sent to freed Kharkov, 1944 File:USSR stamp 1945 CPA 978.jpg|Stamp issued by the People's Commissariat for Communications to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the invention of radio by A.S. Popov, 1945 File:1946 Харьковский почтамт уш.jpg|Letterhead of the Kharkov City Post Office, People's Commissariat for Communications, 1946 == Departments ==

The Ministry included two major departments: • General Directorate of Post, whose administrative tasks were organization and management of the postal system in the USSR, and • General Directorate of Periodicals Distribution Soyuzpechat (later, the Central Retail and Subscription Agency Soyuzpechat and since 1994, JSC 'Agency Rospechat') that was also in charge of organizing trade of philatelic materials through its unit, the “Soyuzpechat” Central Philatelic Agency (CPA). == People's Commissars and Ministers ==

Under the auspices of the USSR Ministry of Communications and Soyuzpechat, the following periodicals and publications were issued: • magazine Vestnik Sviazi (; Communications Journal), • magazine Filateliya SSSR (; Philately of the USSR), jointly with the (), • stamp catalogs, and price sheets of stamps of the USSR and other philatelic materials. == See also ==