Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change

Environmental debates were first introduced into the national political agenda during Indira Gandhi's first term as Prime Minister of India. The 4th Five-Year Plan (1969–74), for example, proclaimed "harmonious development [...] on the basis of a comprehensive appraisal of environmental issues." In 1977 (during the Emergency) Gandhi added Article 48A to the constitution stating that: "The State shall endeavour to protect and improve the environment and to safeguard the forests and wildlife of the country." The same decree transferred wildlife and forests from state list to concurrent list of the constitution, thus giving the central government the power to overrule state decisions on that matter. Such political and constitutional changes prepared the groundwork for the creation of a federal Department of Environment in 1980, turned into the Ministry of Environment and Forests in 1985. Although tackling climate change was already a responsibility of the ministry, its priority was raised when in May 2014 the ministry was renamed to the current title of Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change. ==Administration==

The forest administration is based on demarcation of states into Forest Divisions which consists of Forest Ranges. Forest Beats under Ranges are the smallest unit of administration hierarchy. Natural features on the field form the boundaries of each beat which has an average area of around 16 km square. ==Organisation==

• Indian Forest Service (IFS) • Authorities • Central Zoo Authority of India, New Delhi • National Biodiversity Authority, Chennai • National Tiger Conservation Authority, New Delhi • Wildlife Crime Control Bureau • Subordinate offices • Andaman & Nicobar Islands Forest and Plantation Development Corporation (Public Sector Undertaking) • Botanical Survey of India (BSI), Kolkata • Central Pollution Control Board • Environmental Information System (ENVIS) • Odisha State Pollution Control Board • Delhi Pollution Control Committee • Directorate of Forest Education • Forest Survey of India • Indira Gandhi National Forest Academy • National Afforestation and Eco-Development Board • National Board of Wildlife • National Museum of Natural History (NMNH), New Delhi • National Zoological Park (NZP), New Delhi • Zoological Survey of India (ZSI), Kolkata • Centres of excellence • Centre for Environment Education, Ahmedabad • C. P. R. Environmental Education Centre, Chennai • Centre for Animals and Environment, Bangalore • Centre of Excellence in Environmental Economics, Chennai • Foundation for Revitalisation of Local Health Traditions, Bangalore • Centre for Ecological Sciences, Bangalore • Centre for Environmental Management of Degraded Ecosystem, New Delhi • Centre for Mining Environment, Dhanbad • Sálim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History (SACON), Coimbatore • Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute, Thiruvananthapuram • Autonomous institutions • G. B.Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment, Almora • Indian Institute of Forest Management, Bhopal • Indian Plywood Industries Research and Training Institute, Bengaluru • Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education (ICFRE), Dehradun • Wildlife Institute of India (WII), Dehradun == Cabinet Ministers ==

• Note: I/C Independent Charge == Ministers of State ==

In August 2019 Ministry of Environment released the Draft National Resource Efficiency Policy. It is a set of guidelines which envisions a future with environmentally sustainable and equitable economic growth. The policy is guided by principle of reduction in primary resource consumption; creation of higher value with less material through resource efficient circular approach; waste minimization; material security and creation of employment opportunities and business model beneficial to cause of environment protection and restoration. It was based on the report of NITI Aayog and European Union titled, The strategy on resource efficiency. The policy seeks to set up a National Resource Efficiency Authority with core working group housed in the Ministry. It also plans to offer tax benefits on recycled materials and soft loans to set up waste disposal and material recovery facilities. As of 8 December 2021, some states have received more than Rupees 47,000 crore for afforestation. The states are directed to channel this amount as compensatory afforestation which shall be used for plantations, assisted natural forest regeneration, forest fire-prevention, pest and disease control in forest, and expedite soil and moisture conservation works. ==See also==