Mirning

Mirniŋ was their name for 'man'. ==Language==

Mirning was, properly speaking, a language known as Ngandatha, bearing the sense of "What is it?". ==Country==

The Mirning's traditional lands covered, according to Norman Tindale, roughly of territory, reaching from Point Culver eastwards across to White Well in South Australia. Their northern limit was generally the ecological line separating them from the beginning of the karst plateau of the Nullarbor Plain, though good rains would see them penetrating further north. ==People and history of contact==

The Mirning were, according to measurements made of old people from a remnant of the tribe in 1939, relatively short in stature and practice rites of circumcision and subincision. The Jirkala-mirning were first contacted by whites in 1872, when their numbers were estimated to be 30, consisting of 11 men, 8 women, 5 adolescents, and 6 children. It was estimated by the first whites who settled in Wonunda-mirnung territory in 1877 that they numbered no more than 80 persons, 15 men, 15 women, 10 adolescents, and some 40 children. Writing in 1931, A. P. Elkin stated: 'The Wanbiri-speaking tribe, referred to as the Yerkla-mining (that is, the men at Yerkla or Irgala) is now extinct.' ==Social organisation==

The Mirning were organised into groups of which two at least are known. • Wonunda-mirnung meaning the people of Hampton plateau west of Wonunda, or Eyre's Sand Patch • Jirkala-mirning meaning the people of Jirkala (modern day Eucla), jirkala referring, according to Tindale, to their habitat, which was a treeless plain where Salsola tragus or buckbush thrived. For ceremonial rites, involving the tribe's adoption of circumcision and subincision, the Wonunda-mirnung and Jirkala-mirning would gather at Jadjuuna, just south of Cocklebiddy. Their kinship system has four classes: Būdera (root), Būdū (digger), Kūra (dingo) and Wenŭng (wombat). Alfred William Howitt describes the tribe's marriage system as "very peculiar", in which two classes (Būdera and Kūra) have a privileged position as follows: ==Heritage damage==

In December 2022 it was reported that the 30,000 year old artwork lining the Koonalda Cave at Nullarbor, sacred to the Mirning, was severely damaged by vandals who wrote graffiti over part of the surface. ==In film==

In April 1994 Julian Lennon proposed making a documentary film with the provisional title Eyes of the Soul – Legends of Whales, Dolphins and Tribes, which would have touched on the Mirning's cultural relationship to whales. A documentary called Whaledreamers – the Gathering, which includes mention of the Mirning, was made in 2006. ==Alternative names==

• Mining, Meening, Minninng, Mininj • Ngandatha, Ngandada • Wanbiri (meaning 'sea coast') • Warnabirrie • Wonbil, Wonburi (Kokata exonyms for the Jirkalamirning.) • Wonunda-meening (wonunda meaning 'low land(ers)' of Eyre/ south of the Hampton cliff scarp clan) • Wonunda-minung • Warnabinnie • Wanmaraing • Yirkla, Yirkala-Mining, Yerkla-mining • East Meening/East Mining • Ikala, Ikula • Ngadjudjara • Ngadjuwonga • Ngadjadjara • Julbari/Julbara (meaning 'south') • Ba:duk (meaning 'circumcised/ignorant' for lack of total absorption of rites) ==Some words==

• mobung (magic) • doodoo/judoo (wild dog) • mumma (father) (In the Jirkala-mirning dialect = mummaloo) • yarkle (mother) (In the Jirkala-mirning dialect = yakaloo) • wandy-murna (children) (In the Jirkala-mirning dialect = wonderong)) ==Notes==