Iranian Arabs

The presence of Arabs in Iran dates back to the 7th-8th centuries AD, where under the Sasanian Empire, Mesopotamian Arabs were an important segment of the empire's population along and west of the lower Euphrates river in southern Iraq and between the Tigris and Euphrates in northern Iraq. This stretch included Arvand Rud, which meets at the current Iran–Iraq border, down to its mouth, where it discharges into the Persian Gulf. The Arabs of the Sasanian empire included nomads, semi-nomads, peasants, and townsmen. Some Arabs followed polytheistic religions, and a few adopted Judaism, but most appear to be Christians. The historian and Iranologist Elton L. Daniel explains that for centuries, Iranian rulers maintained contacts with Arabs outside their borders, dealt with Arab subjects and client states such as those of the Lakhmids and Himyarites, and settled Arab tribesmen in various parts of the Iranian Plateau. The Arab expedition to Iran began before the Muslim conquests and continued with joint exertions of the civilized Arabs (ahl al-madar) and desert Arabs (ahl al-wabar). Multiple human rights groups, including Minority Rights Group International and Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization, have listed the population of Arab citizens in Khuzestan between 4-7 million. ==History==

Shapur II the Great (309–379 A.D.) of the Sasanian Empire, after a punitive expedition across the Persian Gulf early in his reign, transplanted several clans of the Taghleb to Dārzīn (Daharzīn) near Bam, several clans of the Abd al-Qays and Tamīm to Haǰar (the Kūh-e Hazār region) southeast of Kermān, several clans of the Bakr ben Wāʾel to Kermān, and several clans of the Hanzala to Tavvaz, near present-day Dālakī in Fārs. Although after the Arab conquest of the Sasanian Persian empire in the 7th century, many Arab tribes settled in different parts of Iran, it is the Arab tribes of Khuzestan that have retained their identity in language, culture, and Shia Islam to the present day. But ethno-linguistic characteristics of the region must be studied against the long and turbulent history of the province, with its own local language Khuzi, which may have been of Elamite origin and which gradually disappeared in the early medieval period. The immigration of Arab tribes from outside the province was also a long-term process. There was a great influx of Arab-speaking immigrants into the province from the 16th to the 19th century, including the migration of the Banu Kaab and Banu Lam. There were attempts by the Iraqi Hussein regime during the Iran–Iraq War (1980–88) to generate Arab nationalism in the area, but without any palpable success. Genetics According to various genetic studies, Iranian Arabs are genetically similar to other Iranian citizens and their genetic affinity "might be the result of their common ancestry". Hajjej et al. found that Khuzestani Arabs have close relatedness with Gabesians. Haplogroup J1-M267 reaches 33.4% in samples from Khuzestan, slightly higher than in other parts of Iran. It also reaches a frequency of 31.6% in Khuzestani Arabs. Sampling NRY diversity, it was determined that the Y-DNA haplogroups F and J2 such as haplogroup J1 are carried at high frequency among the Iranian Arabs, accounting for more than half of Iranian Arab haplogroups. The high ratio of haplogroup F genetically relates Iranian Arabs to Eastern Mediterraneans and the people of the Barbary Coast. An elevated frequency of haplogroup J-M172 is typical of Near Eastern people and reflective of the genetic legacy of early agriculturalists in the Neolithic Near East c. 8000–4000 BCE. Haplogroup R1a1, and R1, typical of Indo-Iranian groups, occurred in more than 11 percent of the sample and haplogroup G was present in more than 5 percent. ==Regional groups==

Khuzestan Most Iranian Arabs in Khuzestan province are bilingual speakers of Arabic and Persian. The Arabic spoken in the province is Khuzestani Arabic, a mixture of Gulf Arabic and South Mesopotamian Arabic. Hamid Ahmadi noted that the Arabs of Khuzestan province are direct descendants of the ancient population of the area, having adopted the Arabic language and identity with the spread of Islam. However, there are numerous immigrant Arab tribes of Khuzestan with origins from the Arabian Peninsula, such as the Banu Ka'b at Dawraq, the later Fallāhīya and present-day Shadegan, the Musha'sha' at Hoveyzeh, Banu Tamim, and more from southern Iraq. Women's clothing Women wear various types of scarves. The aba is a black robe-like dress with long sleeves from which hands are only exposed from the wrist. Another is the asabe, a turban-like scarf; the quality of the cloth denotes the social rank of the woman. The pooshie is a mask-like silk cloth that covers the face. Dresses also come in different types. The nefnef is a long loose dress, and the thoub is a loose, gauzy dress that is worn on the nefnef. Ne'al and Kabkab, or Karkab, are two kinds of footwear. Fars Khamseh Arab nomads live in eastern Fars province (From Lar and close surrounding areas to Khorrambid and Bavanat). Arabs that live in eastern Fars province and Hormozgan mostly belong to the tribes of Banu Tamim, Banu Kaab and Banu Hammed. Khorasan Khorasani Arabs are descendants of Arab migrants from Arabia. ==Demographics==

Elton Daniel in The History of Iran (Greenwood Press, 2001) states that the Arabs of Iran "are concentrated in the province of Khuzistan and number about half a million." The Historical Dictionary of Iran puts the number at 1 million. Iranian Arabs form 1–2% of Iran's population. ==See also==