Mitsubishi Kinsei

Early Kinsei models (1 and 2) had A4 internal designation and their cylinder and detail design was based on the single-row, 9-cylinder air-cooled Pratt and Whitney R-1690 Hornet. In 1933 engine underwent a major redesign and redesignated A8. Head layout was reversed to allow exhaust exit to the rear, reducing back-pressure and allowing for a cleaner installation. Compression ratio increased from 5.3:1 to 6.0:1. These changes resulted in a significant performance uplift, compared to previous variants. Kinsei 41 saw ever further increase in compression ratio from 6.0:1 to 6.6:1, and a larger supercharger. It's also the first variant to receive a two-digit model numbers. 40 series remained in production from 1936 till the end of the war. Kinsei 50 series saw the final compression ratio increase to 7.0:1. Indirect fuel injection was fitted as well as a larger two-speed supercharger. Kinsei 60 series was introduction of direct injection and later, a turbo-supercharger. Its development was run parallel to 50 series. Production started in 1940 and lasted till the end of the war. ==Variants==

Early (A4) variants Data from Goodwin ;Kinsei 1 : at 2,300 rpm at takeoff : at 2,100 rpm at sea level ;Kinsei 2 : at 2,350 rpm at takeoff : at 2,100 rpm at Late (A8) variants Data from Goodwin ;Kinsei 3 : at 2,150 rpm at ;Kinsei 41 : at 2,500 rpm at : at 2,500 rpm at :Higher compression ratio, supercharger ;Kinsei 42 : at 2,500 rpm at : at 2,500 rpm at :Air pump ;Kinsei 43 : at 2,400 rpm at sea level : at 2,400 rpm at :De-rated for economy ;Model 44 : at sea level : at :Machine gun synchroniser ;Kinsei 45 : at sea level : at ;Kinsei 46 : at sea level : at :De-rated for extreme economy ;Kinsei 51 (MK8A) : at 2,500 rpm at : at 2,500 rpm at :Redesigned cylinder head, added indirect fuel injection, larger two-speed supercharger ;Kinsei 52 (MK8B) (Ha-112-I) : at 2,500 rpm at : at 2,500 rpm at :Added water injection ;Kinsei 53 (MK8C) : at 2,500 rpm at : at 2,500 rpm at :Higher pressure oil pump ;Kinsei 54 (MK8D) : at 2,500 rpm at : at 2,500 rpm at :Added machine gun synchroniser ;Model 61 (Ha-112-II) : at : at :Added direct fuel injection ;Kinsei 62 (MK8P) : at 2,600 rpm at : at 2,600 rpm at ;Kinsei 62 Ru (Ha-112-II Ru) : at 2,600 rpm at : at 2,600 rpm at : at 2,600 rpm at :Ru-102 turbo-supercharger ==Applications==

• Aichi D3A • Aichi E13A • Aichi E16A • Aichi M6A2 • Kawanishi H6K • Kawanishi N1K5-J • Kawasaki Ki-96 • Kawasaki Ki-100 • Kawasaki Ki-102 • Mitsubishi A6M8 • Mitsubishi B5M • Mitsubishi G3M • Mitsubishi Ki-46-III • Nakajima/Mahshu Ki-116 • Showa/Nakajima L2D2-L2D5 • Yokosuka D4Y3-D4Y4 ==Specifications (Kinsei-44)==