Mixed single vote

The mixed single vote has its origin in West Germany, where two different types of compensatory systems were developed at about the same time: • The vote linkage compensation method, where not all, but only "wasted" votes get transferred as list votes to the other tier. Some uncommon, supermixed systems use of MSV may add or subtract the discounted list results to establish a vote linkage based element of compensation into system that would otherwise be categorised as parallel voting. (This article focuses primarily on pure implementations of MSV.) • The seat linkage compensation, where means almost all votes (except for votes independent candidates and for candidates affiliated with parties below a threshold) are transferred to the proportional tier, but ultimately used in a top-up process, like the additional member system (AMS). This was the first type of mixed-member proportional (MMP) electoral system, used in Germany. The third type of mixed single vote system is the single vote equivalent of parallel voting (sometimes called 'direct vote transfer'), which uses the same vote on both the majoritarian and proportional tiers. This makes such systems non-compensatory, falling under the superposition type of mixed systems identified by Massicotte & Blais. == Advantages and disadvantages ==

Mixed single vote systems do not suffer from the ticket-splitting manipulation problem as conventional dual vote compensatory systems do. - but this was almost impossible in any vote transfer system implemented so far, which have relatively few compensatory seats. A certain type of (positive) vote transfer system may be vulnerable to the "stronghold split strategy", which aims to capture "surplus votes" like a system with winner compensation but this tactic has not been empirically documented. == Use ==

Compensatory systems Proportional systems Mixed single vote systems can be used also with a seat linkage method to achieve effectively list PR with local representation (via plurality or majority). Such systems are fundamentally mixed-member proportional systems without the option of split ticket voting. This is the original version of MMP, where all votes, except for those in favour of independent candidates or parties below the entry threshold are transferred and used for the compensation mechanism. Germany, where the 1949 elections were held under a mixed single vote system that used plurality rule on the lower tier and was overall proportional on the regional (state) tier. The country subsequently changed the system to two-vote MMP. • In Romania, the 2008 national legislative elections were held under a mixed single vote system where SMD seats were only awarded to individual winners with an absolute majority. The vote transfer takes place based on the party affiliation of the local candidates and seats are allocated proportionally based on the transferred votes. • Up to 25 000 residents 8 members are elected in SMDs and 3 members on the compensatory tier • Up to 50 000 residents 10 members are elected in SMDs and 4 members on the compensatory tier • Up to 75 000 residents 12 members are elected in SMDs and 5 members on the compensatory tier • Up to 100 000 residents 14 members are elected in SMDs and 6 members on the compensatory tier • Over 100 000 residents, the number of SMDs increases by 1 after every additional 10 000 residents, while the number of compensatory seats increases by 1 after every additional 25 000 residents. Since the 2014 elections, General Assembly of Budapest also uses a mixed single vote, in that the 23 directly elected mayors of the districts and there are 9 members elected from compensation-lists of parties based on the votes cast for the mayoral candidates. (Budapest mayor candidates and district mayor candidates can be listed on compensation-lists) Because of the comparatively few compensatory seats, the system does not guarantee proportional results and commonly underrepresents smaller parties, however theoretically, it could also underrepresent larger parties compared to a list PR system. National Assembly elections use a different positive vote transfer system, which also partially compensates winning candidates, however, that system is not a pure mixed single vote system as it also has a parallel voting component. Non-compensatory systems Italy == See also ==