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Model–view–viewmodel

Model–view–viewmodel (MVVM) is a layer architecture design in computer software that facilitates the separation of the development of a graphical user interface —be it via a markup language or GUI code—from the development of the business logic or back-end logic such that the view is not dependent upon any specific model platform.

Components of MVVM pattern
;Model :Model refers either to a domain model, which represents real state content (an object-oriented approach), or to the data access layer, which represents content (a data-centric approach). ;View :As in the model–view–controller (MVC) and model–view–presenter (MVP) patterns, the view is the structure, layout, and appearance of what a user sees on the screen. It displays a representation of the model and receives the user's interaction with the view (mouse clicks, keyboard input, screen tap gestures, etc.), and it forwards the handling of these to the view model via the data binding (properties, event callbacks, etc.) that is defined to link the view and view model. ;View model :The view model is an abstraction of the view exposing public properties and commands. Instead of the controller of the MVC pattern, or the presenter of the MVP pattern, MVVM has a binder, which automates communication between the view and its bound properties in the view model. The view model has been described as a state of the data in the model. :The main difference between the view model and the Presenter in the MVP pattern is that the presenter has a reference to a view, whereas the view model does not. Instead, a view directly binds to properties on the view model to send and receive updates. To function efficiently, this requires a binding technology or generating boilerplate code to do the binding. ;Binder :Declarative data and command-binding are implicit in the MVVM pattern. In the Microsoft solution stack, the binder is a markup language called XAML. The binder frees the developer from being obliged to write boiler-plate logic to synchronize the view model and view. When implemented outside of the Microsoft stack, the presence of a declarative data binding technology is what makes this pattern possible, and without a binder, one would typically use MVP or MVC instead and have to write more boilerplate (or generate it with some other tool). ==Rationale==
Rationale
MVVM was designed to remove virtually all GUI code ("code-behind") from the view layer, by using data binding functions in WPF (Windows Presentation Foundation) to better facilitate the separation of view layer development from the rest of the pattern. It uses the binder, view model, and any business layers' data-checking features to validate incoming data. The result is that the model and framework drive as much of the operations as possible, eliminating or minimizing application logic which directly manipulates the view (e.g., code-behind). ==Criticism==
Criticism
John Gossman has criticized the MVVM pattern and its application in specific uses, stating that MVVM can be "overkill" when creating simple user interfaces. For larger applications, he believes that generalizing the viewmodel upfront can be difficult, and that large-scale data binding can lead to lower performance. ==Implementations==
Implementations
.NET frameworks • .NET Community Toolkit • Avalonia • Caliburn, Caliburn.Micro • Chinook.DynamicMvvm Open source • DevExpress MVVM • DotVVM open source project • FreshMvvm • Jellyfish • Mugen MVVM Toolkit • MVVMLight Toolkit • MvvmCross • MvvmZero • Prism Library • Rascl • ReactiveUI • Uno Platform - Open source Web Component libraries • Microsoft FAST • Omi.js Java frameworksZK Studio JavaScript frameworksAngular • Aurelia • Durandal • Ember.jsExt JSKnockout.js • Oracle JET • ReactSvelteVue.js Frameworks for C++ and XAML (Windows) • Xamlcc ==Examples==
Examples
The following are simple examples of an implementation of the MVVM pattern. C++ This is an example using C++. : export module wikipedia.examples.mvvm.Model; export namespace wikipedia::examples::mvvm { class Model { private: int counter = 0; public: nodiscard int getCounter() const noexcept { return counter; } void increment() noexcept { counter++; } void decrement() noexcept { counter--; } }; } : export module wikipedia.examples.mvvm.ViewModel; import wikipedia.examples.mvvm.Model; export namespace wikipedia::examples::mvvm { class ViewModel { private: Model& model; public: explicit ViewModel(Model& m): model{m} {} void incrementCounter() noexcept { model.increment(); } void decrementCounter() noexcept { model.decrement(); } nodiscard int getCounterValue() const noexcept { return model.getCounter(); } }; } : export module wikipedia.examples.mvvm.View; import std; import wikipedia.examples.mvvm.ViewModel; using std::cin; using std::string; export namespace wikipedia::examples::mvvm { class View { private: ViewModel& viewModel; public: explicit View(ViewModel& vm): viewModel{vm} {} void run() { string input; while (true) { std::println("Counter: {}", viewModel.getCounterValue()); std::print("Enter command (i=increment, d=decrement, q=quit): "); std::getline(cin, input); if (input == "i") { viewModel.incrementCounter(); } else if (input == "d") { viewModel.decrementCounter(); } else if (input == "q") { break; } else { std::println("Unknown command."); } } } }; } Then, the application could be run like so: import wikipedia.examples.mvvm.Model; import wikipedia.examples.mvvm.View; import wikipedia.examples.mvvm.ViewModel; using namespace wikipedia::examples::mvvm; int main(int argc, char* argv[]) { Model m; ViewModel vm(m); View v(vm); v.run(); return 0; } C# This is an example using C#. : namespace Wikipedia.Examples.Mvvm; public class Model { public int Counter { get; private set; } = 0; public void Increment() => Counter++; public void Decrement() => Counter--; } : namespace Wikipedia.Examples.Mvvm; public class ViewModel { private readonly Model _model; public ViewModel(Model model) { _model = model; } public void IncrementCounter() => _model.Increment(); public void DecrementCounter() => _model.Decrement(); public int CounterValue => _model.Counter; } : namespace Wikipedia.Examples.Mvvm; using System; public class View { private readonly ViewModel _viewModel; public View(ViewModel viewModel) { _viewModel = viewModel; } public void Run() { string input = String.Empty; while (true) { Console.WriteLine($"Counter: {_viewModel.CounterValue}"); Console.Write("Enter command (i=increment, d=decrement, q=quit): "); input = Console.ReadLine(); switch (input) { case "i": _viewModel.IncrementCounter(); break; case "d": _viewModel.DecrementCounter(); break; case "q": return; default: Console.WriteLine("Unknown command."); break; } } } } Then, the application could be run like so: namespace Wikipedia.Examples; using Wikipedia.Examples.Mvvm; public class Main { public static void Main() { Model model = new(); ViewModel viewModel = new(model); View view = new(viewModel); view.Run(); } } Java This is an example using Java. : package org.wikipedia.examples.mvvm; public class Model { private int counter = 0; public int getCounter() { return counter; } public void increment() { counter++; } public void decrement() { counter--; } } : package org.wikipedia.examples.mvvm; public class ViewModel { private final Model model; public ViewModel(Model model) { this.model = model; } public void incrementCounter() { model.increment(); } public void decrementCounter() { model.decrement(); } public int getCounterValue() { return model.getCounter(); } } : package org.wikipedia.examples.mvvm; import java.util.Scanner; public class View { private final ViewModel viewModel; public View(ViewModel viewModel) { this.viewModel = viewModel; } public void run() { Scanner stdin = new Scanner(System.in); String input; while (true) { System.out.printf("Counter: %d%n", viewModel.getCounterValue()); System.out.print("Enter command (i=increment, d=decrement, q=quit): "); input = stdin.nextLine(); switch (input) { case "i": viewModel.incrementCounter(); break; case "d": viewModel.decrementCounter(); break; case "q": return; default: System.out.println("Unknown command."); } } } } Then, the application could be run like so: package org.wikipedia.examples; import org.wikipedia.examples.mvvm.*; public class Main { public static void main(String[] args) { Model m = new Model(); ViewModel vm = new ViewModel(m); View v = new View(vm); v.run(); } } Rust This is an example using Rust. : pub struct Model { counter: i32, } impl Model { pub fn new() -> Self { Model { counter: 0 } } pub fn get_counter(&self) -> i32 { self.counter } pub fn increment(&mut self) { self.counter += 1; } pub fn decrement(&mut self) { self.counter -= 1; } } : use super::model::Model; pub struct ViewModel { model: &'a mut Model, } impl ViewModel { pub fn new(model: &'a mut Model) -> Self { Self { model } } pub fn increment_counter(&mut self) { self.model.increment(); } pub fn decrement_counter(&mut self) { self.model.decrement(); } pub fn get_counter_value(&self) -> i32 { self.model.get_counter() } } : use std::io::{self, Write}; use super::view_model::ViewModel; pub struct View { view_model: &'a mut ViewModel, } impl View { pub fn new(view_model: &'a mut ViewModel) -> Self { Self { view_model } } pub fn run(&mut self) { loop { println!("Counter: {}", self.view_model.get_counter_value()); print!("Enter command (i=increment, d=decrement, q=quit): "); io::stdout().flush().unwrap(); let mut input: String = String::new(); io::stdin().read_line(&mut input).unwrap(); let input: String = input.trim(); match input { "i" => self.view_model.increment_counter(), "d" => self.view_model.decrement_counter(), "q" => break, _ => println!("Unknown command."), } } } } Then, the application could be run like so: mod mvvm; use mvvm::{ model::Model, view::View, view_model::ViewModel }; fn main() { let mut m: Model = Model::new(); let mut vm: ViewModel = ViewModel::new(&mut m); let mut v: View = View::new(&mut vm); v.run(); } ==See also==
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