Monguor language

Vowels • Vowel sounds may also be nasalized when preceding a nasal consonant, in different environments. • Vowels may also undergo a devoicing process in certain phonetic environments. Consonants • can also be heard as allophones or , occurring in free variation. • can be heard as a voiced fricative within the onset of a stressed syllable, or of a word-initial syllable. It can also be heard as a flap sound intervocalically in the onset of an unstressed syllable. In a syllable-coda position, it is heard as a rhotic vowel sound. • can have a spirantized allophone of strongly in stressed syllables. == Writing system ==

Cyrillic alphabet In 1958, a Cyrillic-based alphabet was developed for Monguor, but its practical use did not begin for political reasons. The Cyrillic alphabet for Monguor had the following letters: Latin alphabet From the 1970s to the 1980s, the current Latin alphabet for Monguor based on Pinyin was developed. It consists of 31 letters. The following list shows the letters of the Monguor Latin alphabet along with their pronunciation in the IPA: • A a (/a/) • B b (/p/) • C c (/tsʰ/) • D d (/t/) • E e (/e/) • F f (/f/) • G g (/k/) • H h (/χ/) • I i (/i/) • J j (/tɕ/) • K k (/kʰ/) • L l (/l/) • M m (/m/) • N n (/n/) • O o (/o/) • P p (/pʰ/) • Q q (/tɕʰ/) • R r (/ɻ/) • S s (/s/) • T t (/tʰ/) • U u (/u/) • W w (/w/) • X x (/ɕ/) • Y y (/j/) • Z z (/ts/) • Zh zh (/tʂ/) • Ch ch (/tʂʰ/) • Sh sh (/ʂ/) • Ng ng (/ŋ/) • Gh gh (/q/) • Kh kh (/qʰ/) The letter V is not used. Long vowels are written with double vowel letters. ==Numerals==

Mongolian numerals such as the following are only in use in the Mongghul dialect, while Mangghuer speakers have switched to counting in Chinese. == Notes ==