Hot air balloon experiments, 1782 Of the two brothers, it was Joseph who was first interested in aeronautics; as early as 1775 he built
parachutes, and once jumped from the family house. He first contemplated building machines when he observed laundry drying over a fire incidentally form pockets that billowed upwards. Joseph made his first definitive experiments in November 1782 while living in
Avignon. He reported some years later that he was watching a fire one evening while contemplating one of the great military issues of the day—an assault on the fortress of
Gibraltar, which had proved
impregnable from both sea and land. Joseph mused on the possibility of an air assault using troops lifted by the same force that was lifting the embers from the fire. He believed that the smoke itself was the buoyant part and contained within it a special gas, which he called "Montgolfier Gas", with a special property he called levity, which is why he preferred smoldering fuel. Joseph then built a box-like chamber out of very thin wood, and covered the sides and top with lightweight
taffeta cloth. He crumpled and lit some paper under the bottom of the box. The contraption quickly lifted off its stand and collided with the ceiling. Joseph recruited his brother to balloon building by writing, "Get in a supply of taffeta and of cordage, quickly, and you will see one of the most astonishing sights in the world." The two brothers built a similar device, three times larger having a volume 27 times greater. On 14 December 1782 they conducted their first test flight, using ignited wool and hay as fuel. The lifting force was so great that they lost control of their craft. The device floated nearly but was destroyed after landing by the "indiscretion" of a bypasser.
Public demonstrations, summer 1783 , 4 June 1783 To make a public demonstration and to claim its invention, the brothers constructed a globe-shaped balloon of
sackcloth tightened with three thin layers of paper inside. The envelope could contain nearly of air and weighed . It was constructed of four pieces (the dome and three lateral bands) and held together by 1,800 buttons. A reinforcing fish net of cord covered the outside of the envelope. On 4 June 1783, they flew the balloon at
Annonay in front of a group of dignitaries from the
états particuliers. The flight covered , lasted 10 minutes, and had an estimated altitude of . Word of their success quickly reached Paris. Étienne went to the capital to make further demonstrations and to solidify the brothers' claim to the invention of flight. Joseph, given his unkempt appearance and shyness, remained with the family. Étienne was
the epitome of sober virtues ... modest in clothes and manner... In collaboration with the wallpaper manufacturer
Jean-Baptiste Réveillon, Étienne constructed a envelope of taffeta coated with a varnish of
alum for fireproofing. The balloon was sky blue and decorated with golden flourishes, signs of the
zodiac, and suns. The design showed the intervention of Réveillon. The next test was on 11 September from the grounds of
la Folie Titon, close to Réveillon's house. There was some concern about the effects of flight into the upper atmosphere on living creatures. The king proposed to launch two convicted criminals, but it is most likely that the inventors decided to send a sheep, a duck, and a rooster aloft first. On 19 September 1783, the
Aérostat Réveillon was flown with the first living beings in a basket attached to the balloon: a sheep called Montauciel ("Climb-to-the-sky"), a duck and a rooster. The sheep was believed to have a reasonable approximation of human physiology. The duck was expected to be unharmed by being lifted and was included as a control for effects created by the aircraft rather than the altitude. The rooster was included as a further control as it was a bird that did not fly at high altitudes. The demonstration was performed at the royal palace in
Versailles, before King
Louis XVI and Queen
Marie Antoinette and a crowd. The flight lasted approximately eight minutes, covered , and obtained an altitude of about . The craft landed safely after flying.
Piloted flight, autumn 1783 Since the animals survived, the king allowed flights with humans. Again in collaboration with Réveillon, Étienne built a balloon for the purpose of making flights with humans. It was about tall and about in diameter. Réveillon supplied rich decorative touches of gold figures on a deep blue background, including fleur-de-lis, signs of the zodiac, and suns with Louis XVI's face in the center interlaced with the royal monogram in the central section. Red and blue drapery and golden eagles were at the base of the balloon. Étienne Montgolfier was the first human to lift off the Earth in a balloon, making a tethered test flight from the yard of the Réveillon workshop in the
Faubourg Saint-Antoine, most likely on 15 October 1783. A little while later on that same day, physicist
Pilâtre de Rozier became the second to ascend into the air, to an altitude of , which was the length of the tether. , c. 1784 On 21 November 1783, the first free flight by humans was made by
Pilâtre de Rozier, together with an army officer, the
marquis d'Arlandes. The flight began from the grounds of the
Château de la Muette close to the
Bois de Boulogne park in the western outskirts of Paris. They flew about above
Paris for a distance of nine kilometers. After 25 minutes, the balloon landed between the windmills, outside the city ramparts, on the
Butte-aux-Cailles. Enough fuel remained on board at the end of the flight to have allowed the balloon to fly four to five times as far. However, burning embers from the fire were scorching the balloon fabric and had to be daubed out with sponges. As it appeared it could destroy the balloon, Pilâtre took off his coat to stop the fire. The early flights made a sensation. During those first few years, numerous items, such as fans, furniture, handkerchiefs, pencil boxes, umbrella tops, etc., could be found with ballooning images engraved on them. Some items would be celebrating specific ballooning events, while others would be celebrating ballooning itself. In December 1783, father Pierre Montgolfier was elevated to the nobility and the hereditary appellation of
de Montgolfier by King
Louis XVI.
Other balloons, competing claims Some claim that the hot air balloon was invented about 74 years earlier by the Brazilian/Portuguese priest
Bartolomeu de Gusmão. A description of his invention was published in 1709(?) in Vienna, and another one was found in the Vatican in about 1917. However, this claim is not generally recognized by aviation historians outside the Portuguese-speaking community, in particular the
Fédération Aéronautique Internationale. On 1 December 1783, a few months after the Montgolfiers' first flight,
Jacques Alexandre César Charles rose to an altitude of about near Paris in a hydrogen-filled balloon he had developed. In early 1784, the Flesselles balloon, named after the unfortunate
Jacques de Flesselles, later to be an early casualty of the
French Revolution at the Bastille, gave a rough landing to its passengers. In June 1784, the
Gustave (a hot air balloon christened
La Gustave in honour of King
Gustav III of Sweden's visit to Lyon) saw the first female aeronaut,
Élisabeth Thible. ==Other Montgolfier inventions==