The most closely related large clade to the myzozoans are the
ciliates. plus the smaller groups discussed above. All Myzozoa appears to have evolved from an ancestor that possessed plastids, required through endosymbiosis. The branching order within both Myzozoa and Protalveolata, is only partly understood. Three groups – the colpodellids, Chromerida and the Apicomplexa – appear to be sister clades. Three other groups – the perkinsids, Syndiniales and
Oxyrrhis are distantly related to the dinoflagellates. ==Notes==