Gardner was born in
New York City, New York, the son of Ethel ( Alias) and Samuel Gardner (former family name was Goldberg). He served in the United States Armed Forces during
World War II. Gardner graduated from
Harvard University with a B.A. degree in economics. He then obtained a J.D. from
Yale Law School and was a
Rhodes Scholar, receiving a Doctor of Philosophy degree in Economics from
Oxford University. He wrote several books and articles. Gardner became a member of the
American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1974 and a member of the
American Philosophical Society in 1998. Gardner died in New York City on February 16, 2019, at the age of 91. ==References==