National Development Plan (Brunei)

In the 16th century the Brunei empire was a prosperous and well-managed maritime power. But by the late 19th century, internal conflicts and abuses by foreign and local actors led to its decline, with Brunei approaching collapse by 1904. Widespread corruption, abuses of power, and a poorly planned system contributed to its deterioration, demonstrating how inadequate preparation and unclear future planning can severely undermine a state's stability. During the British Residence period (1906–1959), Brunei experienced significant administrative and economic changes. With a population of around 20,000 between 1906 and 1941, it wasn't until the 1960s that Brunei's demographic size began to approach the approximately 25,000 people from the mid-1850s. The first British resident, Malcolm McArthur, played a crucial role in stabilising the country's governance and geographical order by implementing key reforms. He established police stations, civil and criminal courts, mail services, customs offices, and wharves. These foundational developments set the stage for Brunei's economic recovery and growth, even before the commercial exploitation of its oil resources. Subsequent British Residents observed rapid trade growth and the country's transition towards true prosperity following years of decline. Bristol Beaufighter in 1945The discovery and commercialisation of oil marked the beginning of a transformative period for Brunei. Among the top oil producing nations in the world by the 1930s was Brunei, particularly inside the British Commonwealth. Due to its economic growth, Brunei was able to shift from "rags to riches." But this progress was halted due to World War II. The Japanese occupation and subsequent Allied bombing strikes completely devastated Brunei. Seria's oil wells were set on fire, and Brunei Town was severely damaged, with just a Chinese temple still standing. With the sultanate in ashes, the war's devastation halted Brunei's economic growth. Following the Second World War the government gave food distribution and the restoration of basic necessities first priority. Reconstruction of about 200 business houses and new government offices handled much of the war damage by early 1953 as rehabilitation activities got underway swiftly. During Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien III's reign, Brunei saw substantial advancements in its political system and infrastructure. His assistance was essential in bringing Brunei from under British protectorate to full independence. The 1959 Constitution of Brunei, which abolished the British Resident's power and installed a British High Commissioner in its place, was one of his greatest accomplishments. By doing this, the Sultan was given his internal sovereignty back and became the ultimate executive head of government. The five-year national development plans were introduced by the Sultan to support Brunei's post-war reconstruction and modernisation. == RKN in the 20th century ==

RKN 1 (1953–1958) Initiated in 1953 and spanning from 1953 to 1958, the first national development plan (RKN 1) played a crucial role in the transformation of Brunei. Prior to its establishment, Brunei was seen as a less developed and economically deprived country. The strategy signaled a paradigm change that helped Brunei become a nation with high GDP per person and a high standard of living. A "bloodless revolution" was how observers characterised the advancement because of the extent of the improvements made, which was especially remarkable considering Brunei's tiny population at the time. the nation's first 5-Year Development Plan was started when the State Council authorised $100 million for the five-year term, because of Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin III's leadership. The principal objectives were to improve living conditions, modernise the nation while maintaining the framework of the Melayu Islam Beraja, raise Brunei's standing in Southeast Asia, and expand the non-oil and gas sector. To monitor the plan's execution, E. R. Bevington, a British expatriate from the Colonial Office in Fiji, was named Commissioner of Development. The $100 million was distributed across a number of important projects: • Increasing access to healthcare and education • Putting relocation plans into action • Water supply • Enhancing fishing practices and agricultural practices • Extending communication networks and highways • Building structures such as bridges and power plants • Installing phone and television networks Under RKN 1, infrastructure development received nearly 59% of the budget, with 21.77% going to welfare, health, and education. The plan gave increasing social welfare a lot of attention, which raised Bruneians' standard of life significantly. A pension plan for the disabled and those over 60 was one of the major social welfare projects implemented; it began in 1957 and paid $20 per month. Due to the plan's sustained emphasis on social welfare, qualified Bruneians now receive $250 each month, a testament to the program's enduring success. Important projects completed during this time were the building of new wharves at Brunei Town and Kuala Belait, the construction of the main road connecting Brunei to Tutong and Belait, and the preliminary design for a future port at Muara. In Brunei Town and Kuala Belait, automatic phone exchanges were installed, along with the Old Airport. In addition, a hospital and more than thirty new schools were constructed in Kuala Belait. The plan also highlighted the need for economic diversification away from the oil sector, putting out plans for things like improved waste gas use, improved agricultural practices, rubber replanting, and a sharper emphasis on the fishing sector. More than 59.78% of the funding for the first national development plan was earmarked for building infrastructure, with 21.77% going toward welfare, health, and education. It acknowledged that Brunei's economy needed to be more diversified than only the oil sector. Initiatives including better using waste gas, enhancing agricultural practices, planting rubber again, and highlighting the fishing industry were all part of the plan. Despite this, the majority of attempts for economic diversity failed. The waste gas schemes for the production of cement, nitrogen fertiliser, aluminum, and other materials never came to be. After the Korean War, rubber prices fell, making replanting unsuccessful. The concept also called for the construction of a deepwater Muara Port. The necessary power was obtained, and research was done to provide electricity to remote regions. Under the strategy, efforts were undertaken to eradicate malaria with the assistance of the World Health Organization. Malaria cases decreased from 300 in 1953 to just 66 in 1959 as a result of effective efforts. Additionally, from 20 deaths per thousand in 1947 to 11.3 deaths per thousand in 1953, the death rate was reduced. This has been linked to improvements in drainage, public cleanliness, and the availability of piped fresh water for the populace. The entire amount spent on education by 1958 was $4 million. With the development of new roads and the 1954 completion of Old Airport renovation, communications were also enhanced. Under the plan, a $14 million gas industrial facility was constructed. By authorising the construction of mosques and suraus across Brunei, the Sultan also significantly contributed to the country's Islamic revival. His efforts were most notable for the 1958 opening of the Omar Ali Saifuddien Mosque, representing the Islamic tradition of Brunei. Brunei witnessed a transition under his direction that set the stage for its current identity and system of government. Other than that, the government started relocating Kampong Ayer's population to the land in the 1950s with the goal of granting them the ability to own property and raise crops to support themselves. The first relocation plan was implemented in 1952 when Kampong Bunut Perpindahan was established. A second migration that resulted in the creation of Kampong Burong Pingai Berakas and Kampong Pancha Delima in 1953 came after this. The development of Kampong Pengiran Siraja Muda Delima Satu, Kampong Anggerek Desa, and Kampong Orang Kaya Besar Imas in 1954 marked the beginning of larger relocation efforts. With the founding of Kampong Jaya Setia and Kampong Jaya Bakti in 1960, Kampong Ayer underwent its third relocation plan. RKN 2 (1962–1966) Following the first plan, the second national development plan for 1962–1966 sought to advance social conditions and the economy. But prior to the start of RKN 3 in 1975, there existed a space. With a budget of $543 million, the RKN 2 seeks to advance and enhance Bruneians' social, cultural, and economic spheres of existence. The plan consists of fourteen clearly defined goals, such as: RKN 4 (1980–1984) The fourth national development plan, which has a $2.2 billion budget, has a strong emphasis on advancing and promoting the people's social, cultural, and economic well-being. There are four key components to this plan: Between June 1996 and June 2000, there was a notable surge in the number of government agencies adopting IT services (from 36 to 40) and the quantity of IT equipment pieces (387,187). Additionally, there were 297 employees in the IT department, up from 201, and there were now one computer for every four users. Due to the dramatic increase in BruNet users from 819 in 1995 to 13,860 in 1999, the Brunei Telecom Department (JTB) partnered with UUNct in the United States in 2000 to improve internet access with increased bandwidth and quality. The 'pre-paid net card' for internet access and 'e-speed' for quicker data transfer were two ways that JTB improved BruNet services in 2000. 'SimpurNet' was introduced by DST, and three other firms (QAF Brunei, Royal Brunei Technical Services, and BIBD) were granted licenses to provide supplementary services during this time of rapidly expanding commercial IT services. The implementation of 'e-government' was started, and the National Information Technology Council (BIT) was formed to supervise IT use across the country. Under RKN 7 Brunei significantly increased its broiler production from 4,663 metric tons in 1996 to 12,507 metric tons in 2000, achieving an 86% surplus over local demand. Chicken egg production also exceeded targets, rising to 87 million eggs in 2000 from 82 million in 1999, surpassing the 73 million eggs required for self-sufficiency. This growth led to higher exports than domestic consumption. During RKN 7, Brunei achieved a near-universal clean water supply, reaching 99.9% of the population. The country had the lowest water tariff rate among ASEAN members, and home water usage was the highest relative to its population of about 300,000. This abundance and low cost of water pose a risk of decreased awareness and economisation in its usage, despite the cheap supply. == RKN in the 21st century ==

RKN 8 (2001–2005) Minister Ahmad claimed that the government was focusing on drafting laws and guidelines to simplify private sector management of development projects under the Private Financial Initiative (PFI) Scheme. Additionally, research were conducted to strengthen government finances, develop the downstream oil and gas industry, expand the private sector, and enhance strategic areas and infrastructure for industrialisation and privatisation. The government also aimed to raise productivity and develop human resources through the Department of Economic Planning and Development. RKN prioritised physical elements to improve the investment climate and business environment. RKN 8 seeks to reduce unemployment by creating approximately 18,000 new job opportunities across seven categories and over 17 job types for local youth by 2005. The eighth national development plan, allocated $9.5 billion, concentrated on enhancing and growing the following: The Ministry of Communications Marine Department's priorities include enforcing maritime regulations, ensuring safety, protecting the environment, supporting the maritime industry, and developing human resources in maritime fields. As part of RKN 8, the Department of Civil Aviation plans to transform Brunei International Airport into a freight centre, offering new facilities and incentives. Meanwhile, Radio Television Brunei (RTB) implemented a master plan to introduce interactive TV, online broadcasting, and additional radio channels, supported by new studios and advanced digital TV equipment. The Syariah and the Brunei Supreme Court building opened for business on 3 January 2006. It was constructed in 2001 at a total cost of more than B$14 million. It was finished in 2005. Constructed on a 10-acre area, the building has four stories and nine courtrooms, including two high court, one court of appeal, and six lower court chambers. Additionally, the plan included the Legislative Council building which began construction in March 2005. Additionally, RKN 8 allocates $526 million, or 7.2% of the overall development budget, to advance information technology, including the creation of 'e-government' services and fundamental IT infrastructure. This initiative is expected to enhance communication tools and support various IT programs, driving advancements in e-commerce and economic development. By the end of RKN 8, 99.9% of respondents had access to clean water, compared to 99.7% in RKN 7. 1,048 projects totalling $9.5 billion were approved by the government for implementation. The value of the system was split across the nine main sectors. With a $3,063 million allocation (32.3%) of the total plan value, the social services sector was given the largest share. The industry and commerce sector received $1,641 million (17.3%), while the public utilities sector received $1,316 million (13.9%). The development initiatives were public utilities, social services, environment, industry and commerce, tourism, transportation and communication, science, technology, and innovation, ICT, and security. Tanah Jambu, and Salambigar; resettlement schemes of Kampong Ayer to Lumapas 'A', Katok 'B' and Sungai Buloh/Tanah Jambu. Furthermore, other projects under the RKN consisted of the Agro-Technology Park, and the Suri Seri Begawan Raja Pengiran Anak Damit Mosque. The Bangar Town Boat Terminal in the Temburong District, built at a cost of about $1.4 million, was constructed between 19 June 2008 and 19 December 2009, and officially opened on 7 January 2010. More projects to improve road infrastructure, including in the district, would be funded by the RKN 2007–2012. RKN also plans to increase the capacity of high-density roads in rural areas, replace wooden viaducts, and the Bangar–Puni–Labu Highway (Jalan Labu). RKN 2007–2012 encountered a number of obstacles when carrying out its plans and initiatives, such as trouble obtaining project locations, frequent modifications to the scope of work, and hold-ups in project brief and tender document preparation. Project execution was made even more difficult by the protracted consultant hiring process, contractor-related problems, and the sluggish approval of change orders. The government implemented a number of initiatives to address these issues and improve implementation and expenditure rates. These included lowering bankers' guarantee rates to lessen financial constraints on contractors, creating an advisory board for consultant nominations for every ministry to expedite the process, and updating protocols for Variation Order approval. To expedite projects' completion, the government also promoted packaging, modified the procedure for tender approval, strengthened the internal technical staffing of ministries and departments, and enhanced the efficiency of project and program monitoring. RKN 10 (2012–2017) The RKN concept of "Knowledge and Innovation, Increase Productivity, Accelerated Economic Growth" guides the tenth national development plan, which focuses on developmental initiatives to achieve quicker and greater rates of growth in the economy. The budget for RKN 10 was $8.2 billion, with an additional $1.7 billion added to the total to further spur development. A total of $6.5 billion has been set aside for RKN 10. The following six strategies were established in the plan: In order to promote technology and knowledge transfer, international contractors have collaborated with local businesses on BEDB's housing and infrastructure projects. Notable developments include TEE International's 1,500 apartments in Tutong, Bina Puri's 2,000 units in Kamoung Pandan, and UEM's 4,000 units in Kampong Mentiri. A joint venture between the Chinese company Third Harbour Engineering and the local company Surati Construction is overseeing the construction of the Telisai–Lumut highway, a significant infrastructure project that includes Brunei's biggest bridge to date—a 600-meter span across peat swamps—as well as an 18.6-kilometer dual carriageway. The first phase of the Agro Technology Park in Kampong Tungku, covering 50 hectares and scheduled for completion in January 2013, was part of Brunei's economic diversification strategy, focusing on agroindustry and halal product manufacturing, with the full 500 hectare project expected to create over 9,000 jobs, including more than 2,000 professional positions. Other projects included the first phase of the Mechanical Training Centre and the first phase of the dual carriageway Jerudong–Tungku Link Road (Tungku Highway), also expected to be completed in 2013. After that, the 5.5 km long third phase of the same highway was finished in 2016 at an estimated cost of $9.64 million. The implementation of RKN 10 projects faced several obstacles, including a lack of suitable construction sites and frequent changes in project scopes. Delays in creating and assessing tender documents and conducting project briefings further hindered progress. The prolonged hiring process for experts and various issues related to contractors also contributed to these delays. Despite these challenges, RKN10 continues to support the Ease of Doing Business (EODB) initiative and the growth of the private sector, particularly Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs), as noted in the 13th LegCo session in March 2017. To enhance the implementation and oversight of the RKN 10 project, the government introduced initiatives requiring timely completion of projects, adherence to performance standards, and strict budget compliance. Payments had to follow project specifications, with additional funds subjected to rigorous inspection, while the RKN Project Management System emphasized value for money and average building prices. Effective oversight was maintained through regular site inspections, monthly meetings, and payment withholding for incomplete projects, with Prince Al-Muhtadee Billah supporting the program by frequently visiting project sites. With a $3.5 billion budget, it sought to stimulate economic growth by increasing the output of the non-oil and gas sector. Six strategic development pushes were the primary objectives of the plan: As part of a larger $52.8 million plan, an additional $596,000 was set aside for disaster risk reduction, supplementing the $25 million previously set aside for handling natural disasters like floods and landslides. To improve public welfare via the provision of secure, high-quality, and reasonably priced housing, the Ministry of Development (MoD) focus on overseeing and carrying out housing projects and fundamental infrastructure in compliance with current regulations. In 2023, the ministry set aside $3,066,320 for asset and estate management. Two housing projects under the RKN 11 are currently under construction: RPN Tanah Jambu Phase, which aims to build 7,950 terrace houses by January 2025, and Lugu Phase 2, which was expected to complete 1,000 terrace houses this year despite a seven-month delay caused by the COVID-19 pandemic in Brunei. Along with 270 of the 300 units in Lambak Kanan, 140 terrace houses in Rimba were finished in September 2022 and distributed to qualified applicants in 2023. and improving agriculture through programs for raising livestock and rice farming. On 21 March 2024, during its 20th session, the LegCo adopted a $6.25 billion budget for the fiscal year 2024–2025. The RKN Executive Committee has approved 305 projects worth $4 billion to be finished by 2030. It also detailed the advancement of RKN 11, pointing out that 153 projects would be undertaken under RKN 12 and 54 projects have already been finished. The second phase of commercial rice farming in Kandol ($6 million of a $36 million budget), the renovation of Sultan Hassan Secondary School, the expansion of Menglait Secondary School, the electrical projects for the Gadong market area, and the building of a flyover at the intersection of the Muara–Tutong Highway and Kampong Lugu are some of the major initiatives. In addition, there are plans to construct the Jubli Perak Sengkurong Health Centre, renovate the Hassanal Bolkiah National Stadium, replace water pipes, and carry out digital transformation initiatives for the National Welfare System (SKN) and the Central Account Password Privilege Management Platform. RKN 12 RKN 12 places a high priority on building infrastructure, especially in the housing sector, to promote growth in the economy. Numerous construction projects are currently under way, guided by RKN and the Construction Industry Framework 2022–2035 by the Authority for Building Control and Construction Industry (ABCi). Diverse specifications for design are ensured by adopting the Different Abilities Design Guideline, which is in accordance with the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. The budget for the fiscal year 2024–2025 supports RKN 12 and allots $4 billion for 305 projects till 2030. By tackling long-term socioeconomic goals, RKN 12 seeks to further Wawasan Brunei 2035. $1.7 billion will be granted to 153 projects from RKN 11 and $2.3 billion to 152 new initiatives. Amounts allocated for the 24th and 25th fiscal years total $500 million, with additional expenditures for research, development of industry, and environmental sustainability, as well as national security, education, housing, and infrastructure. To achieve successful execution and high-quality outputs, ministries, non-governmental organisations, and the private sector must collaborate on the expanded project scope. == See also ==