National War Fund

Beginning in September 1939 when Germany attacked Poland, 596 foreign relief agencies raised $597,621,366. On July 25, 1942, Franklin D. Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9206, moving foreign relief from the State Department to the President's War Relief Control Board.:3-4 In 1942, the Community Chests and then the American Red Cross asked the American Federation of Labor and the Congress of Industrial Organizations to have common instead of independent relief campaigns.:97 As WWII heated up, local goals multiplied as income tax, wages, and employment surged.:98 == Founding ==

The fund was started in February 1943. The idea of the fund came from the President's War Relief Control Board. The fund only admitted one agency for any given overseas country or function, and forbade member organizations from doing drives of their own. Roosevelt said of the new fund, "It is a philanthropic federation with three simple aims: first, to determine the nature and the extent of the war-related needs; second, to see that everybody has a chance to contribute to the funds required; and third, to channel the sums raised for its member agencies wherever American help is currently most needed—to raise enough and on time." == Fundraising ==

Need for relief was almost unlimited with the USO alone needing at least $60 million. The initial policy was to raise as much as feasible, set at $125 million nationally. Of these, the USO received the most outlays from the fund, around $175 million. Administrative, fund-raising, and publicity expenses were just 0.8%.:109 Bob Hope donated royalties on his book I Never Left Home worth over $155,000, making him the largest individual contributor besides John D. Rockefeller, Jr.:66-67 == Marketing ==

The most effective speakers were agency representatives recently returned from abroad.:43 Nearly everything that could be was localized. Leaflets left a space for naming the local community campaign.:41 A button, pin, or sticker showed one had given.:40 32 million window stickers were produced in 1945.:44 In its final year, the Fund materials on the radio made an estimated 850,780,000 listener impressions. Each year a 10 min motion picture was shown in 13,000 motion picture houses.:42 If the Fund publicity were run commercially it would have cost an estimated $30 million, versus a net cost of less than $1 million.:43-4 == Agencies ==

Some 19 national and 12 local service organizations pooled their efforts during the war and during its immediate aftermath, when overseas relief needs were still quite pressing. Only causes that all Americans could be asked to support were included.:9 Agencies were only selected for inclusion with the National War Fund after being certified by the President's War Relief Control Board.:7 The State Department and American Red Cross examined their program and budget, checking for export licenses, duplication, and diplomatic, military, and economic clearance. Agencies negotiated federating or combining, with 13 agencies joining as the British War Relief Society.:8 Private money would not be spent if public funds applied.:14 Funds were disbursed without regard to race, creed, or political affiliation:9 and all agency programs and budgets were publicly available.:16 The American Social Hygiene Association ran educational activities for armed forces and war workers fighting prostitution and venereal disease.:78-79 Agencies provided an estimated 40,894,000 lbs food, 99,400,000 lbs clothing, and 67,216,000 lbs medical and other supplies.:79 Among the many supplies sent to Belgium were needle and thread, sewing machines, and shoe mending tools. Supplies to Britain included 316 ambulances and 1,000 mobile feeding kitchens.:80 Specialized food and medicine for malnutrition were sent to France. X-ray equipment sent to Czechoslovakia allowed the entire population to be examined for tuberculosis.:82 Artificial limbs and training were provided for disabled Greek veterans.:83 Thousands of Norwegian prisoners of war in Germany got shoes.:85 5,000 volunteer sewing groups remade a million garments for the Philippine climate.:86 Russian War Relief sent a vast quantity of household items, contributing to Allied victory and fostering understanding between the countries’ peoples by using friendly nonpolitical aid.:88 == Liquidation ==

While most agencies foresaw operations continuing in 1947 and beyond, Community Chests agreed conducting a war appeal in 1946 would not be feasible. The fund was formally liquidated in April 1948. The fund has generally been considered to have been successful in fulfilling its aims. Scholar Merle Curti wrote, "The story of the National War Fund is important in American philanthropy." == References ==