,
Kanta-Häme, Finland There are several national and international organizations that oversee the numerous non-profit
animal sanctuaries and refuges to provide a general system for sanctuaries to follow. Among them, the
American Sanctuary Association monitors and aids in various facilities to care for exotic wildlife. The number of sanctuaries has substantially increased over the past few years.
Australia In
Australia, a nature reserve is the title of a type of
protected area used in the jurisdictions of the
Australian Capital Territory,
New South Wales,
Tasmania and
Western Australia. The term "nature reserve" is defined in the relevant
statutes used in those states and territories rather than by a single national statute. As of 2016, 1767 out of a total of 11044 protected areas listed within the Australian
National Reserve System used the term "nature reserve" in their names.
Brazil In Brazil, nature reserves are classified by the
National System of Nature Conservation Units as
ecological stations () or
biological reserves (). Their main objectives are preserving fauna and flora and other natural attributes, excluding direct human interference. Visits are allowed only with permission, and only for educational or scientific purposes. Changes to the ecosystems in both types of reserve are allowed to restore and preserve the natural balance, biological diversity and natural ecological processes. Ecological stations are also allowed to change the environment within strictly defined limits (e.g. affecting no more than three percent of the area or , whichever is less) for the purpose of scientific research. A
wildlife reserve in Brazil is also protected, and hunting is not allowed, but products and by-products from research may be sold.
Canada The Niagara Escarpment and the St. Lawrence River in Ontario are among the 18 nature reserves recognized by UNESCO in Canada. As a federal government, Canada recognizes 55 National Wildlife Areas, containing species of ecological significance. This area is protected by legislation known as the Canada Wildlife Act, which is overseen by the Ministry of Environment and Climate Change. About half of the habitat is marine habitat, and the remainder is terrestrial habitat. Nature Conservancy Canada, Ducks Unlimited, and Escarpment Biosphere Conservancy, among others, protect nature reserves in Canada as well. As part of Canada's Ecological Gifts Program, these charities protect wilderness on privately owned lands.
Egypt There are 30 nature reserves in
Egypt which cover 12% of Egyptian land. Those nature reserves were built according to the laws no. 102/1983 and 4/1994 for protection of the Egyptian nature reserve. Egypt announced a plan from to build 40 nature reserves from 1997 to 2017, to help protect the natural resources and the culture and history of those areas. The largest nature reserve in Egypt is
Gebel Elba () in the southeast, on the
Red Sea coast.
Eritrea On 16 March 1959, the British established the
Yob Wildlife Reserve in northern Eritrea specifically to protect significant populations of
Nubian ibex in the area.
Europe in
Bistrishko Branishte, an early Bulgarian nature reserve established in 1934
Denmark Denmark has
three national parks and several nature reserves, some of them inside the national park areas. The largest single reserve is Hanstholm Nature Reserve, which covers and is part of
Thy National Park.
Sweden In
Sweden, there are
30 national parks. The first of them was established in 1909. There are almost 4,000 nature reserves in Sweden. They comprise about 85% of the surface that is protected by the Swedish Environmental Code.
Estonia at
Põhja-Kõrvemaa Nature Reserve in
Estonia In Estonia, there are
five national parks, more than 100 nature reserves, and around 130 landscape protection areas. The largest nature reserve in Estonia is
Alam-Pedja Nature Reserve, which covers .
France As of 2017,
France counts
10 national parks, around 50
regional nature parks, and 8
marine parks.
Germany In 1995
Germany had 5,314 nature reserves () covering , the largest total areas being in Bavaria with and Lower Saxony with .
Hungary , next to
Lake Naplás In Hungary, there are
10 national parks, more than 15 nature reserves and more than 250 protected areas.
Hortobágy National Park is the largest continuous natural grassland in Europe and the oldest national park in Hungary. It is situated on the eastern part of Hungary, on the plain of the Alföld. It was established in 1972. There are alkaline grasslands interrupted by marshes. They have a sizable importance because there are the fishponds. One of the most spectacular sights of the park is the autumn migration of cranes. Some famous Hungarian animal species live in Hortobágy National Park, such as the grey cattle, racka long-wool sheep living only in Hungary, Hungarian horses and buffalo. Hortobágy National Park has been a UNESCO
World Heritage Site since 1 December 1999.
Kosovo In Kosovo, there are 2
national parks, 11 nature reserves, 99
natural monuments and 3
protected landscapes. The national parks are
Bjeshkët e Nemuna National Park and
Sharr Mountains National Park. , one of two national parks in Kosovo
Poland , a famous nature reserve in the
Stołowe Mountains in SW Poland As of 2011, Poland has 1469 nature reserves.
Portugal Nature reserves are one of the 11 types of protected areas in Portugal. As of 2012, Portugal had a total of 46 protected areas, which represented of land and of marine surfaces. Among the protected areas, nine are classified as nature reserve ().
Romania About 5.18% of the area of Romania has a protected status (), including the
Danube Delta, which makes up half of this area (2.43% of Romania's total area).
Spain There are 15 National Parks, and around 90 Natural Parks in Spain. Spain is the country with the most sites listed in the
World Network of Biosphere Reserves.
Ukraine There are 4 biosphere reserves (two of them are dated 1927 and 1874) and 17 nature reserves in Ukraine, covering . Ukraine administers
40 national parks, 2632 habitat management areas, 3025 nature monuments, and 1430 other preservations.
United Kingdom There are some differences between the regulations for
England,
Northern Ireland,
Scotland and
Wales, which are separately managed. At the end of March 2004, there were 215
national nature reserves in England with a total area of . The reserves are scattered through England, from
Lindisfarne in
Northumberland to
The Lizard in
Cornwall. Nearly every rural county has at least one. Many national nature reserves contain nationally important populations of rare
flowers,
ferns and
mosses,
butterflies and other
insects, and nesting and wintering
birds. Examples include unique
alpine plants at
Upper Teesdale and the field of
snake's head fritillaries at
North Meadow, Cricklade,
Wiltshire. There are now over 1,050
local nature reserves in England. They range from windswept coastal headlands, ancient woodlands and flower-rich meadows to former inner-city railways, long-abandoned landfill sites and industrial areas now re-colonized by wildlife. In total, they cover almost —a natural resource which makes an important contribution to England's
biodiversity. A good example is
Rye Harbour Nature Reserve in East Sussex, where a network of footpaths enables visitors to explore shingle, saltmarsh, saline lagoon, reedbed, and grazing marsh habitats. Through the Natural Heritage (Scotland) Act 1991 the Scottish Natural Heritage (SNH) was established in 1992 as a government body, responsible to the Scottish Government Ministers and through them to the Scottish Parliament. At 31 March 2008, there were 65
Scottish national nature reserves with a total area of approximately . Section 21 of the
National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act 1949 gives local authorities the exclusive statutory power to establish a
local nature reserve in consultation with the SNH.
Iran , a biosphere reserve in Iran The biosphere reserves of Iran have a total land area of 1.64 million km2. The "reserves" support more than 8,000 recorded species of plants (almost 2,421 are
endemic), 502 species of
birds, 164 species of
mammals, 209 species of
reptiles, and 375 species of
butterflies.
India India's 18 biospheres extend over a total of and protect larger areas than typical national parks in other countries. The first national reserve of India was established in 1986.
Israel Israel's national parks are declared historic sites or nature reserves, which are mostly operated and maintained by the National Nature and Parks Authority. As of 2019, Israel maintains more than 490 nature reserves that protect 2,500 species of indigenous wild plants, 20 species of fish, 530 species of birds and 70 species of mammals. In total, they cover of nature reserves, approximately 28% of the country's land area. In 1984, the two areas with the highest number of nature reserves were the South (15.2%) and
Samaria (the Shomron, 13.5%).
Japan Under the Nature Conservation Law, places can be designated as 'wilderness areas', 'nature conservation areas' and 'prefectural nature conservation areas'. In 1995, when the Japanese Government published its information in English, there were 5 wilderness areas, 10 nature conservation areas and 516 prefectural nature conservation areas.
Jordan There are seven nature reserves in
Jordan. In 1966 the organization that would later start Jordan's nature reserves, the
Royal Society for the Conservation of Nature, was founded. RSCN's first efforts involved bringing back severely endangered species. In 1973, RSCN was given the right to issue hunting licenses, giving RSCN an upper hand in preventing extinction. The first step was the founding of Jordan's first nature reserve,
Shaumari Wildlife Reserve, in 1975. The primary purpose was to create means to breed endangered species, specifically: the
Arabian oryx,
gazelles,
ostriches, and
Persian onagers in their natural environment.
Kyrgyzstan By the end of 2009 there were 10 nature reserves (, ) in Kyrgyzstan covering or about three percent of the total area of the country.
Mexico, Belize, Guatamala In 2025, these three countries developed a tri-national nature reserve, the
Corredor Biocultural Gran Selva Maya, which is the second largest nature reserve in the Americas.
New Zealand in New Zealand New Zealand has a variety of types of reserve, including
national parks, various types of conservation areas (including stewardship land that is yet to be officially classified), and seven specific types of "reserve", each of which prioritize various degrees of
protection to different amenities such as scenery, recreation, flora and fauna, scientific value, or history. Land is often sub-categorised beneath its general classification, as defined in law between the
Reserves Act of 1977, the
National Parks Act of 1980, and the
Conservation Act of 1987. Under these classifications, the
Department of Conservation administers more than —nearly 30% of the nation's total area—with at least some degree of protection. This land is composed of 14 National Parks, 30 Conservation Parks, and approximately 8,900 discrete areas of land in total. Although the most public land is strongly protected for natural preservation, the term
nature reserve is specifically defined in the Reserves Act to mean a reserve that prioritizes the protection of rare flora and fauna, to the extent that public access is by permit only. Some of these reserves include
Ecological Islands, a comparatively new concept in wildlife preservation, pioneered in New Zealand to help rebuild the populations of nearly extinct birds, and other species that are heavily threatened by introduced predators.
Nicaragua is the second largest rainforest in the Western Hemisphere, after the Amazonian Rainforest in Brazil. Located northeast of the city of
Jinotega in Northeastern Nicaragua. In
Nicaragua, the
Ministry of the Environment and Natural Resources (MARENA) is in charge of environmental protection and of the study, planning, and management of Nicaragua's natural resources. Nearly one-fifth of the territory is designated as protected areas like national parks, nature reserves (including the
Bosawás Biosphere Reserve), and biological reserves. Nicaragua has
78 protected areas that cover , about 17.3% of the nation's landmass. Private nature reserves exist with land excluded from private land trusts and maintained at the sole cost of the proprietor. For example, O Parks, WildLife, and Recreation, Or
El Ostional Private Wildlife Reserve, was established within the
Mesoamerican Biological Corridor by retired
FDNY firefighter Kevin Michael Shea, who purchased of land for the purpose of restoring the ecological system of a
dry tropical forest, ravaged during the
Nicaraguan Revolution. The
park provides a private nature reserve,
wildlife corridor and verified
carbon credits.
Russia in Russia There are around 100 nature reserves () in Russia, covering some , or about 1.4% of the country's total area. A few of them predate the
October Revolution of 1917, but most have been created during the
Soviet Union era. There are also natural protected areas where only certain species are protected, or only certain activities are prohibited; those are known as
zakaznik (). Unofficial sanctuaries can also occur as a result of human accidents; the
Chernobyl Exclusion Zone has in practice become a wildlife refuge since very few people live in the area. Wildlife has flourished in the zone since the Chernobyl nuclear accident in 1986.
South Africa South Africa is well known for its many nature reserves. The oldest nature reserve in the country (and oldest conservation area in the world) is the
Groenkloof Nature Reserve that was established in 1892 in the capital city
Pretoria in the old
South African Republic and current Republic of South Africa. The country has many national parks but the best-known is the
Kruger National Park, which was announced in 1898, and is the largest, at nearly . The Kruger Park and
Table Mountain National Park are two of South Africa's most visited tourist attractions, along with the
Addo Elephant National Park. South Africa also has 10
World Heritage Sites, including four natural sites and one mixed site. And it has provincial
game reserves including
Shamwari,
Londolozi, Sanbona and Lalibela. The country currently has 20 national parks covering , about 3% of the total area of South Africa. The
Prince Edward Islands, which are South African territories in the
Southern Ocean, have been declared a special nature reserve. It is a highly protected area from which all human activity is excluded, except for conservation and scientific research.
Sri Lanka The area around
Mihintale,
Sri Lanka, was a sanctuary for wildlife, probably the first of its generation in the ancient world. According to stone inscriptions found in the vicinity, the king commanded the people not to harm animals or destroy trees within the area.
United States ,
Oregon, United States, is a
UNESCO biosphere reserve. In the United States, the
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, managed by the
Secretary of the Interior, is responsible for managing many of the federal nature reserves including the
National Wildlife Refuge System. The National Wildlife Refuge System includes areas administered for the protection and conservation of fish and wildlife that are threatened with extinction, as well as wildlife ranges, game ranges, wildlife management areas, and waterfowl production areas. The first North American wildlife refuge, Lake Merritt Wildlife sanctuary at
Lake Merritt, was established by
Samuel Merritt and enacted in California state law in 1870 as the first government owned refuge. The first federally owned refuge in the United States is
Pelican Island National Wildlife Refuge and was established by
Theodore Roosevelt in 1903 as part of his
Square Deal campaign to improve the country. At the time, setting aside land for wildlife was not a
constitutional right of the president. In 2006, a bi-partisan group of
US House of Representatives members established the
Congressional Wildlife Refuge Caucus to further support the needs of the National Wildlife Refuge System in
Congress. There are also state-level administered State Nature Reserves found throughout the country, as well as smaller reserves operated by local governments, private trusts, or even funded through public donations. Private nature reserves also exist, with land excluded from private land trusts and maintained at the sole cost of the proprietor, such as the
Wilbur Hot Springs and the Unexpected Nature Reserve set up by
Hope Sawyer Buyukmihci. == See also ==