Navnirman Andolan

In 1972 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election, the Congress (R) had secured 140 out of 167 seats in the assembly. The internal politics of the party resulted in Chimanbhai Patel becoming the Chief Minister of Gujarat in July 1973 replacing Ghanshyam Oza. There were allegations of corruption against him. The urban middle class was facing economic crisis due to the high price of food. ==Movement==

In mid-December 1973, at Morbi Engineering College, the students protested against the rise in food fees in mess and damaged furnitures of the department of mechanical engineering and the laboratory. Total 40 students were suspended and the college was closed indefinitely. The political parties Congress (O), Swatantra Party and Jansangh had also organised their protest programmes. Consequently, the students sought the resignation of the members of the legislative assembly (MLAs) of ruling party as they believed that they are also responsible for the corruption. They started visiting MLAs in their respective constituencies and started forcing them to resign. Opposition parties demanded the dissolution of the assembly. On 15 February 1974, 15 MLAs of Congress (O) and four MLAs of Congress (R) resigned. Three Jan Sangh MLAs also resigned. More and more MLAs resigned as the time progressed. Despite reports from three observers from the national headquarters of the Congress (R), the state Congress (R) was reluctant to dissolve the assembly. Total 214 students went to New Delhi to dialogue with senior Congress (R) leaders but were arrested and jailed for a week for organising protest against the parliament. On 5 March 1974, more than 500 students carried out the silent rally which travelled 30 km in Delhi. Following writ petition on 24 February 1974 in the High Court against the Speaker of the assembly for not accepting the resignation of the MLAs, the Speaker accepted the resignation of 18 MLAs the next day. By March, the students had forced 95 of 167 MLAs to resign. Morarji Desai, leader of Congress (O), went on an indefinite fast on 12 March 1974 in support of the demand. On 16 March 1974, the assembly was dissolved and the governor imposed the president's rule, bringing an end to the agitation. == Protest methods and metrics ==

Out of 137 protest programmes, 110 were non-violent and the rest were violent. During the protests, the leaders had appealed for non-violent protest. The protest methods included bandhs, satyagrahas, dharanas, rallies, processions and self-imposed curfews. Some unique methods of protest employed included the state transport bus hijackings, the welcome of the Army, burning effigies and conducting last rites of the politicians, organising mock legislative assembly, mock elections, death bell ringing at night, sending protest postcards, sending letters written with blood to the politicians, mock court hearings against politicians, mock cricket match between protestors and politicians. The violent protest methods included arson and vandalism of public and private properties, looting and stone-pelting. The state government deployed the local police, the state reserve police, the paramilitary forces and the army to maintain the situation. They employed arrests, prohibitory orders, curfews, use of teargas shells, baton charge and firing. The movement lasted 73 days. Total 103 people died according to official figures which included 88 deaths from police firing. Of these 88, total 61 were below age of 30. Total 310 people were injured according to official figures. According to other figures, between 1,000 and 3,000 people were injured. Total 8,053 people were arrested under various laws and 184 were arrested under MISA. The police had fired 1405 rounds of bullets, used 4342 teargas shells and 1654 instances of baton charges. == Aftermath ==

The Nav Nirman Yuvak Samiti demanded the fresh elections and opposition parties supported this. Morarji Desai, leader of Congress (O), again went on an indefinite fast on 6 April 1975 to support it. The fresh elections were held on 10 June 1975 and the result was declared on 12 June 1975. Meanwhile, Chimanbhai Patel formed a new party named Kisan Mazdoor Lok Paksh and contested on his own. Congress (R), which won only 75 seats, lost the elections. Janata Morcha; the coalition of Congress (O), Jan Sangh, Praja Socialist Party (PSP) and Lok Dal; won 88 seats and Babubhai J. Patel became the new chief minister. This government lasted only nine months and the president's rule was imposed in March 1976. Congress won the elections in December 1976 and Madhav Singh Solanki became the new Chief Minister. ==Impact and legacy==

Jayaprakash Narayan visited Gujarat on 11 February 1974, after Chimanbhai Patel's resignation, though he was not involved in the movement. The Bihar Movement had already begun in Bihar. It inspired him to lead it and turn it into a total revolution movement, which resulted in the Emergency. Congress formed a new caste-based election combination known as KHAM (Kshtriya-Harijan-Adivasi-Muslim) in late 1970s to elevate itself in politics. The upper caste sensed it as the end of their political importance and reacted strongly against the imposition of reservations in 1981. Chimanbhai Patel became chief minister again with the BJP support in 1990. The agitation helped local leaders of Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh and its student organization ABVP to establish themselves in politics. Narendra Modi who later served as the Chief Minister of Gujarat from 2001 to 2014, and was subsequently elected as the Prime Minister of India in 2014, was one of them. The Navnirman movement reflected the anger of middle-class people and students at the prevalent economic crisis and corruption in government. It also showed the people's power to change the government by forcing it to resign by protesting. The movement raised the political awareness among the youth and promoted students' leadership. ==See also==