trade union
CNT marching in Madrid in 2010 Anarchism was influential in the
counterculture of the 1960s and anarchists actively participated in the
protests of 1968 involving students and workers revolts. In 1968, the International of Anarchist Federations (IAF-IFA) was founded during an international anarchist conference held in
Carrara by the three existing European federations, namely the
French Anarchist Federation, the
Iberian Anarchist Federation and the
Italian Anarchist Federation as well as the Bulgarian Anarchist Federation in French exile. In the United Kingdom during the 1970s, this was associated with the
punk rock movement as exemplified by bands such as
Crass (pioneers of the
anarcho-punk subgenre). The housing and employment crisis in most of Western Europe led to the formation of
communes,
intentional communities and
squatter movements like that of Barcelona. In Denmark,
squatters occupied a disused military base and declared the
Freetown Christiania, an autonomous haven in central Copenhagen. The relationship between anarchism and punk, as well as squatting, has carried on into the 21st century. In
Infinitely Demanding,
Simon Critchley wrote: "There is no doubt that 60s anarchism was libertarian and linked to the sexual revolution, liberation of the erotic instincts and what
Herbert Marcuse called 'nonrepressive sublimation'. Yet, contemporary anarchism can be seen as a powerful critique of the pseudo-libertarianism of contemporary
neo-liberalism, where the sexual revolution has turned the culture industry into the sex industry – ask yourself, is there today anything less transgressive and more normalizing than pornography? One might say that contemporary anarchism is about responsibility, whether sexual, ecological or socio-economic; it flows from an experience of conscience about the manifold ways in which the West ravages the rest; it is an ethical outrage at the yawning inequality, impoverishment and disenfranchisment that is so palpable locally and globally." Since the revival of anarchism in the mid-20th century, a number of new movements and schools of thought emerged, well documented in
Robert Graham's
Anarchism: A Documentary History of Libertarian Ideas, Volume Two: The Emergence of the New Anarchism (1939–1977). Although feminist tendencies have always been a part of the anarchist movement in the form of
anarcha-feminism, they returned with vigour during the second wave of feminism in the 1960s. The American
civil rights movement and the movement in
opposition to the Vietnam War also contributed to the revival of North American anarchism. European anarchism of the late 20th century drew much of its strength from the
labour movement, and both have incorporated
animal rights activism. Anarchist anthropologist
David Graeber and anarchist historian
Andrej Grubačić have posited a rupture between generations of anarchism, with those "who often still have not shaken the sectarian habits" of the 19th century contrasted with the younger activists who are "much more informed, among other elements, by
indigenous,
feminist,
ecological and
cultural-critical ideas" and who by the turn of the 21st century formed "by far the majority" of anarchists. Anarchists became known for their involvement in protests against the meetings of the
World Trade Organization (WTO), the
Group of Eight and the
World Economic Forum. Some anarchist factions at these protests engaged in rioting, property destruction and violent confrontations with police. These actions were precipitated by
ad hoc, leaderless and anonymous cadres known as
black blocs, although other peaceful organisational tactics pioneered in this time include
affinity groups,
security culture and the use of decentralised technologies such as the Internet. International anarchist federations in existence include the International of Anarchist Federations and the
International Workers' Association. The largest organised anarchist movement today is in Spain, in the form of the
CGT and the
CNT, with the CGT membership being estimated at around 100,000 in 2003. Other active
anarcho-syndicalist movements include the
CNT–AIT in France, the
Union Sindicale Italiana in Italy, the
Central Organisation of the Workers of Sweden and the
Swedish Anarcho-syndicalist Youth Federation in Sweden, the
Workers Solidarity Alliance in the United States and the
Solidarity Federation in the United Kingdom. The revolutionary
industrial unionist Industrial Workers of the World, claiming 10,000 paying members and the
International Workers' Association, an anarcho-syndicalist successor to the First International, also remain active. The International of Anarchist Federations was founded in 1968 during an international anarchist conference in Carrara by the three existing European anarchist federations of France, Italy, and Spain, as well as the Bulgarian Anarchist Federation in French exile. These organizations were also inspired by
synthesis anarchist principles. Currently, alongside the previously mentioned federations, the International of Anarchist Federations includes the
Argentine Libertarian Federation, the Anarchist Federation of Belarus, the Czech-Slovak Anarchist Federation, the Federation of German-speaking Anarchists in Germany and Switzerland, and the
Anarchist Federation in the United Kingdom and Ireland.
Platformism is an important current in international anarchism. Around thirty platformist and
specifist organizations are linked together in the
Anarkismo project, including groups from Africa, Europe, Latin America and North America. At least in terms of the number of affiliated organisations, the
Anarkismo network is larger than other anarchist international bodies such as the International of Anarchist Federations and the International Workers' Association. However, it is not a formal international and has no intention of competing with these other formations. Today, there are organisations inspired by
Dielo Truda's
Organizational Platform of the General Union of Anarchists (Draft) in many countries, including and in Argentina, the Melbourne Anarchist Communist Group and Sydney Anarchist Communist Trajectory in Australia, in Brazil, Common Cause (Ontario) and (Quebec) in Canada, and (OCL) in Chile, and in France, in Italy, in Mexico, in Norway, in Peru, the
Zabalaza Anarchist Communist Front in South Africa, Collective Action in the United Kingdom, Common Struggle/ in the United States and the Revolutionary Confederation of Anarcho-Syndicalists by the name of N. I. Makhno which is an international anarcho-syndicalist and platformist confederation with sections and individual members in Bulgaria, Georgia, Germany, Israel, Latvia, Russia and Ukraine. Organisations inspired by platformism were also among the founders of the now-defunct International Libertarian Solidarity network, and its successor
Anarkismo network, which is run collaboratively by roughly thirty platformist and specifists organisations around the world.
Abdullah Öcalan, a founding member of the
Kurdistan Workers' Party who is currently imprisoned in Turkey, is an iconic and popular figure in Rojava and whose ideas shaped the region's society and politics. While in prison, Öcalan corresponded with and was influenced by
Murray Bookchin, a
social anarchist theorist and philosopher who developed
communalism and
libertarian municipalism. Anarchism continues to generate many philosophies and movements, at times eclectic, drawing upon various sources and syncretic, combining disparate concepts to create new philosophical approaches. == Currents ==