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Neolithic ashmounds

Neolithic ashmounds are among the earliest known evidence of human occupation in the Indian subcontinent. Found primarily on the Deccan Plateau of southern India, these man-made accumulations of fossilised ash have been dated to the Neolithic period, approximately 3200 to 1200 BC.

Formation
Ashmounds are thick deposits of vitrified ash and burnt organic material formed through the repeated burning of accumulated cattle dung. Long-term accumulation and periodic burning events cause these deposits to develop into large mounds over time. They typically exhibit alternating layers of ash and sediment, and commonly contain ceramic fragments, stone tools, and animal bones. The inorganic ash, in combination with water, acted as a cementitious medium, preserving structural impressions within the deposits, including cattle hoof prints. Analysis of the phytoliths recovered from ashmounds indicates a grass origin, confirming that the associated cattle grazed on the local grasslands of the Deccan Plateau. == Geographical distribution ==
Geographical distribution
The distribution of ashmounds closely follows the stable geological formations and semi-arid climate of the Deccan Plateau, conditions favoured by Neolithic peoples for their open grasslands and availability of stone suitable for tool production. The majority of identified sites are concentrated in the modern states of Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, and Telangana, corresponding broadly to the river valleys of the Tungabhadra, Krishna, and Hagari. Major excavated sites Over 200 sites were recorded by Robert Foote. Below of the list of sites which are studied extensively. • Utnur (Telangana) • Budihal (Kalaburagi, Karnataka) • Budigunta (Karnataka) • Kupgal and Hiregudda (Bellary, Karnataka) • Sanganakallu (Bellary, Karnataka) • Pallovay (Andra Pradesh) • Kodekal (Karnataka) • Kuntini (Karnataka) • Toranagallu (Karnataka) • Sannarachamma (Karnataka) • Valasai (Tamil Nadu) • Piklihal(Karnataka) • Maski (Karnataka) • Watgal (Karnataka) • Terdal (Karnataka) • Tekkalakota (Karnataka) • Hallur (Karnataka) • Hattibelagallu & Velpumadugu (Andhra Pradesh) • Tadbidi (Karnataka) • Valasai (Tamil Nadu) == Archaeological history ==
Archaeological history
Ashmounds were traditionally interpreted through mythological frameworks, being regarded as the burnt remains of rakshasas such as Vali, Bakasura, or Hidimba. The earliest scholarly accounts of ashmounds were made by Colonel Colin Mackenzie and Thomas J. Newbold in 1836. Newbold disputed his colleague Prinsep's view that the ash deposits were the product of ancient volcanic activity. Through his study of the ashmounds at Kugpal and Budigunta, Newbold instead proposed that the mounds were the result of human activity. Further investigations were carried out by Taylor in 1851 and 1853 during his documentation of the megaliths of the Shorapur region, in which he attributed both the ashmounds and associated stone alignments to the Iron Age. Cavelly Venkata Lachmia, a colleague of Colin Mackenzie and president of the Madras Hindu Literary Society, recorded comparable sites across Mysore state, including Budihal and Buditippa, noting that the prefix būdi carries the meaning of "ash" in the local language. In the mid-twentieth century, Frank Raymond Allchin provided the first detailed stratigraphic and radiocarbon chronology for ashmound formations. He identified regular linear postholes along the mounds and argued that they represented seasonal cattle camps in which pens were constructed using fence posts. Faunal assemblages are dominated by cattle, buffalo, and pig, though whether the latter were wild or domesticated remains difficult to determine. In 2024, a few Neolithic ashmounds in Ballari were destroyed in the process of development projects due to historical ignorance. == References ==
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