Growth , publisher The
Courier and Enquirer was based upon the merger of two pre-existing newspapers, Webb's
New York Morning Courier (1827) and
Mordecai Noah's
New-York Enquirer. After Webb purchased the
Enquirer in 1829, he merged the two Manhattan-based news sheets to form the
Morning Courier and New-York Enquirer, usually called simply the
Courier and Enquirer. At that time a partisan supporter of newly elected President
Andrew Jackson, Webb ran his newspaper in the interest of what was becoming the
Democratic Party. He hired young journalist
James Gordon Bennett, Sr. to be his associate editor. By the 1830s, Bennett's and Webb's
Courier and Enquirer had developed a crack reportorial system for gathering news from New York-based ships and from Washington, D.C. The paper was able to compile the resources necessary to set up a pioneering
pony express system to carry dispatches from the U.S. Capitol. In one 1830 coup, the
Courier and Enquirer obtained the text of Jackson's
annual message to Congress in only 27.5 hours. However, New York's growing
business community felt increasing dislike for Jackson's
populism. As a member of this class and social network, Webb was pulled away from his old ties—and attracted towards the political circle around Webb's new friend, federal senator
Henry Clay. Clay, although he was from
Kentucky, was taking the lead in defense of New York's growing
banking sector against attacks from
Jacksonians.
Whig Party Newspaper competition played a role in the accelerating movement of the
Courier and Enquirer away from Jacksonianism. One of its chief rival papers, the
New York Evening Post, was edited by Webb's rival
William Leggett. Leggett, who was allied with Jackson's New York political lieutenant
Martin Van Buren, edited the
Evening Post to be hostile to banks and the New York financial sector. Webb and the
Courier and Enquirer sensed an opportunity to create an anti-Jackson newspaper with a national reach. In a key sign of this split, in 1832 associate editor Bennett left the
Courier and Enquirer to start his own Democratic paper, the
New York Herald. By 1834 Webb, Clay, and the East Coast financial industry had joined hands to form a new, nationwide political party. While its party machinery was based on Clay's
National Republican Party, the new name for the political gathering, the
Whig Party, was coined by Webb, who became the young party's chief
media proprietor. The
Courier and Enquirer thus became a key element in the United States's
Second Party System, in which the Democratic Party and the Whig Party confronted each other during the decades prior to the
American Civil War. A standard history of New York states that during the 1830s, the
Courier and Enquirer was "the largest and most powerful paper in the United States." Democrats considered Webb to be a disloyal traitor to their side, and responded to the ''Courier and Enquirer's
news coverage with great bitterness. In 1837–1838, Democrats in Congress made floor speeches that attacked the Courier and Enquirer'' with such ferocity that one of Clay's Kentucky allies, congressman
William J. Graves, challenged a critic of the
Courier and Enquirer, Maine Democratic lawmaker
Jonathan Cilley, to a
duel. Their personal combat, which began with editorials in the
Courier and Enquirer and speeches on the
U.S. House floor, ended with Cilley's death.
Decline Like other United States newspapers of the era, the
Courier and Enquirer was not founded as a provider of up-to-the-minute information. Its pages tended to be filled with the texts of letters written on paper and physically delivered to the editor from distant locations (from where we get our word for a newspaper reporter, "correspondent"), and partisan editorials. The successful operation of an American
electrical telegraph in 1844 created a
paradigm shift in American newspapering. Soon the
Morse lines reached New York City, and Webb's competitors, headed by rival Whig editor
Horace Greeley, proved to be more adept in adapting to the new technology and publishing
daily newspapers filled with fresh news. Webb grew increasingly uninterested in his journalistic duties, and began, starting in 1849, to trawl for appointment as a United States
ambassador or to some other post that would grant him the social status he wanted. As the
Courier and Enquirer ceased to be a cutting-edge newspaper, the Whig Party also declined. In line with the ties of many New York merchants to the U.S. South and its slaveholding community, the
Courier and Enquirer had always supported
American slavery. The paper's coverage of
African Americans was extremely hostile, marked by prejudice and
bigotry. While this kind of coverage was little problem for the newspaper in the 1830s and 1840s, the growth of
free soil and even
abolitionist sentiment throughout the Northern states in the 1850s made the
Courier and Enquirer look archaic. Meanwhile, the Whigs, torn apart by the growing slavery crisis, could not field a candidate for the U.S. presidency in 1856. Many New York Whigs joined the new
Republican Party. In 1861, Webb's fellow former Whig,
Abraham Lincoln, became U.S. President; but the new chief executive had little use for the aging newspaper. Lincoln appointed Webb first to be U.S. minister to
Turkey, which he declined, and then minister to
Brazil, an appointment that he accepted. Both countries were far away from New York City. The newly named diplomat consolidated the
Courier and Enquirer into the new, rival newspaper, the
New York World, which carried on the ''Courier and Enquirer's
racist coverage. As the World
was a Democratic paper, the partisan history of the Courier and Enquirer
had revolved through a full circle. As former editor Webb sailed southward in 1861 to take on his new job, the Courier and Enquirer'' ceased publication forever. ==Today==