This uprising was one of several incidents of civil unrest that began in the so-called
American Red Summer, of 1919. The Summer consisted of terrorist attacks on black communities, and white oppression in over three dozen cities and counties. In most cases, white mobs attacked African American neighborhoods. In some cases, black community groups resisted the attacks, especially in
Chicago and
Washington, D.C. Most deaths occurred in rural areas during events like the
Elaine Race Riot in
Arkansas, where an estimated 100 to 240 black people and 5 white people were killed. Also occurring in 1919 were the
Chicago Race Riot and
Washington D.C. race riot which killed 38 and 39 people respectively, and with both having many more non-fatal injuries and extensive property damage reaching up into the millions of dollars. ==See also==