Niclosamide

Side effects include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, constipation, and itchiness. ==Mechanism of action==

Niclosamide inhibits glucose uptake, oxidative phosphorylation, and anaerobic metabolism in the tapeworm. It is a protonophore or proton shunt, disrupting proton gradients across membranes. ==Use as a pesticide==

Niclosamide's metabolic effects are relevant to a wide ranges of organisms, and accordingly it has been applied as a control measure to organisms other than tapeworms. For example, it is an active ingredient in some formulations, such as Bayluscide, for killing lamprey larvae, as a molluscide, and as a general-purpose piscicide in aquaculture. Niclosamide has a short half-life in water in field conditions; this makes it valuable in ridding commercial fish ponds of unwanted fish; it loses its activity soon enough to permit restocking within a few days of eradicating the previous population. ==Medical research==

Niclosamide is under investigation as a potential treatment for certain types of cancer, bacterial infections, and viral infections. It has been reported to localize to acidic cellular compartments, including tumor microenvironment and intracellular vesicles involved in viral replication. In 2018, niclosamide was observed to be a potent activator of PTEN-induced kinase 1 in primary cortical neurons. It appears to show in-vitro antifungal effects against some forms of eumycetoma. == References ==