World War II No. 78 Wing was formed on 24 November 1943 at
Townsville, Queensland, under the command of
Wing Commander (later
Group Captain)
W.D. Brookes. Along with
No. 77 Wing, it came under the control of No. 10 Operational Group, a mobile strike force supporting the Allied armies as they advanced in the
South West Pacific theatre. No. 78 Wing's flying units were originally to have consisted of
No. 80 Squadron, operating
P-40 Kittyhawk fighters, and
Nos. 452 and
457 Squadrons, operating
Spitfires. The Spitfire squadrons could not be released from duty in the
North-Western Area as planned, and
Nos. 75 and
78 Squadrons took their place, making the formation an all-Kittyhawk force. No. 78 Wing flew combat air patrols and ground-attack missions during
Operations Reckless and
Persecution, the assault on
Hollandia and
Aitape,
New Guinea, in April 1944. By the middle of the year, the wing's flying hours in New Guinea were consistently higher than those of its counterparts in the US
Fifth Air Force. When No. 10 Operational Group was re-formed as the
Australian First Tactical Air Force (No. 1 TAF) in October 1944, No. 78 Wing constituted its fighter contingent along with the recently arrived
No. 81 Wing, which also operated Kittyhawks. The relegation of No. 1 TAF to areas of operations bypassed by the main Allied thrust towards the Philippines and Japan led to poor morale in late 1944 and early 1945. In April 1945, the newly appointed
Officer Commanding No. 78 Wing, Group Captain
Wilfred Arthur, helped bring about the so-called "
Morotai Mutiny" in protest at the employment of Australian fighter squadrons for apparently worthless ground-attack missions. A subsequent inquiry cleared the pilots involved, finding their motives in tendering their resignations to be sincere. Arthur retained command of No. 78 Wing for the
invasion of Tarakan, which commenced on 1 May. Augmented by No. 452 Squadron's Spitfires, the wing was a last-minute replacement for No. 81 Wing—which had been delayed while moving its aircraft forward from
Noemfoor and northern Australia—and had only ten days to prepare for the operation. As well as its flying squadrons, No. 78 Wing's complement included
No. 114 Mobile Fighter Control Unit (No. 114 MFCU), No. 29 Air Stores Park, No. 28 Medical Clearing Station, and No. 11 Repair and Servicing Unit. On 25 May 1945, Arthur was succeeded by Wing Commander
Alan Rawlinson. In June and July, the wing took part in the
assaults on Labuan and
Balikpapan, undertaking convoy escort in the former and, joined once more by No. 452 Squadron, ground-attack missions and close support of the Australian
7th Division in the latter. During July it flew 858
sorties, dropping over of bombs and expending almost 350,000 rounds of ammunition, for the loss of six aircraft and four pilots killed or missing.
Early post-war period Following the end of hostilities, No. 78 Wing, comprising Nos. 75, 78 and 80 Squadrons, and No. 114 MFCU, departed Tarakan for Australia. Arriving in December 1945, the formation was based initially at
Deniliquin, New South Wales, where its squadrons were reduced to
cadre status; No. 80 Squadron was disbanded there in July 1946. The wing and its remaining squadrons relocated in May and June to
RAAF Station Schofields, New South Wales, and then in August to
RAAF Station Williamtown, where they re-equipped with
P-51 Mustangs. Rawlinson, now a
group captain, completed his appointment as officer commanding in December 1946. Wing Commander
Dick Cresswell held command of the wing—as well as the Williamtown base—from March 1947 to March 1948. No. 378 (Base) Squadron was formed under the aegis of No. 78 Wing at Williamtown in June 1947; base squadrons were administrative and logistical units intended to make their wings self-supporting and mobile, in case of deployment. No. 478 (Maintenance) Squadron formed the same month to take responsibility for all aircraft and equipment operated by No. 78 Wing. Nos. 75 and 78 Squadrons were disbanded in March and April 1948, respectively.
Malta garrison No. 78 Wing was re-established in January 1949, comprising Nos. 75,
76, and 478 Squadrons, and No. 114 MFCU. It became the first wing in the RAAF to equip with jet aircraft, when its flying units took delivery of
De Havilland Vampire F.30 fighters between 1949 and 1951; it was also allocated Mustangs and
CAC Wirraways. The wing subsequently re-equipped with Vampire FB.9s leased from the
Royal Air Force, in exchange for Australia's commitment to support RAF operations in the
Middle East. Comprising Nos. 75 and 76 (Fighter) Squadrons, No. 378 (Base) Squadron and No. 478 (Maintenance) Squadron, No. 78 Wing was deployed to
Malta on
garrisoning duties under Wing Commander (later Group Captain)
Brian Eaton. As the RAAF's presence was essentially a symbolic gesture to demonstrate the Commonwealth's solidarity in the midst of the
Cold War, the combat squadrons were half-strength only, operating eight aircraft each. In addition to the Vampires, two
Gloster Meteor trainers were provided. Personnel departed Australia in July 1952; the posting overseas being a minimum of two years, families were permitted to make the journey as well. Although under the operational control of the RAF's
No. 205 Group, the wing was under no circumstances to be used in combat without the express permission of the Australian government. Originally based at the
Royal Navy's
Ħal Far airfield, in south-east Malta, the wing moved in June 1953 to the centrally located
RAF Station Ta'Kali, command of which was given to Group Captain Eaton. By this time, with plans afoot to form a
Far East Strategic Reserve to contain communist aggression in South East Asia, the British and Australian governments began to discuss withdrawing No. 78 Wing from the Middle East when its planned two-year garrison was complete. Eaton handed over command to Wing Commander Geoff Newstead in September 1954. The wing flew its last sorties in December, and returned to Australia the following month. Following its tour in the Mediterranean, No. 78 Wing was reorganised at Williamtown. On 16 March 1955, the wing headquarters was re-formed, and Nos. 76 and 378 Squadrons were disbanded. No. 75 Squadron remained with the wing, augmented on 21 March by
Nos. 3 and
77 Squadrons. On 1 April, No. 478 Squadron absorbed the maintenance functions of No. 77 Squadron. Nos. 75 and 77 Squadrons initially operated Meteors from Williamtown and No. 3 Squadron was based at
RAAF Station Canberra, where it flew P-51D Mustangs. By November 1956 the wing had re-equipped with
CAC Sabres and all of its units were stationed at Williamtown.
Malayan Emergency and Konfrontasi Group Captain
Glen Cooper took command of the wing in 1957, deploying it between October 1958 and February 1959 to
RAAF Base Butterworth in
Malaya, where its flying units consisted of Nos. 3 and 77 Squadrons. No. 75 Squadron remained at Williamtown, subsequently joining No. 81 Wing with a re-formed No. 76 Squadron. Between October and December 1965, a detachment of six Sabres, initially from No. 77 Squadron and later from No. 3 Squadron, was based at Labuan to conduct combat patrols over the Indonesian–Malaysian border on Borneo. In May 1962, in response to
communist insurgency in Laos,
No. 79 Squadron was re-formed in Singapore utilising No. 78 Wing aircraft and personnel. For the next six years this squadron operated from
Ubon Air Base in Thailand and was manned by personnel from No. 78 Wing serving on six-month to one-year rotations. The RAAF was careful to not acknowledge any connection between the two units, however, as Malaysia had a policy of neutrality towards war in South East Asia. The squadron was disbanded in July 1968. No. 75 Squadron, equipped with
Dassault Mirage III supersonic fighters, relieved No. 3 Squadron at Butterworth in May 1967.
Disbandment and re-formation No. 78 Wing was disbanded in November 1967, and Nos. 75, 77 and 478 Squadrons became independent units under the command of Headquarters RAAF Butterworth. No. 79 Squadron continues to provide fast-jet conversion for recently graduated pilots, as well as refresher courses, while No. 76 Squadron conducts introductory fighter courses preparatory to students undertaking conversion to "classic" Hornets at No. 2 OCU or
F/A-18F Super Hornets with
No. 6 Squadron at Amberley. Both squadrons also fly
close support missions for the
Australian Army and the
Royal Australian Navy. ==Notes==