Non-exhaust emissions

Non-exhaust emissions come from wearing down motor vehicle brake pads, tires, roads themselves, and unsettling of particles on the road. This particulate matter is made up of micrometre-sized particles and causes negative health effects, including respiratory disease and cancer. Very fine particulate matter has been linked to cardiovascular disease. Multiple epidemiological studies have demonstrated that particulate matter exposure is associated with acute respiratory infections, lung cancer, and chronic respiratory and cardiovascular disease. Researchers have also found correlations between exposure to fine particulate matter and fatality rates in previous coronavirus epidemics.

Types of emissions

Brakes Brake wear gets released into the air as particulate matter. Tyres Rubber pollution gets released into the air. When in contact with the road, the surface of a tire is steadily abraded by contact with the road surface. This leads to the release of large quantities of small rubber particles which cover a wide range of sizes. Road surface The road itself wears and releases particulate matter into the air. The friction between the tire surface and the road surface, which leads to tire abrasion, is also liable to abrade the road surface, especially where this is already fragmenting. Hence, road surface wear particles are also released into the atmosphere. == Road dust ==

Road dust

Particles on the road get thrown or blown into the air. Emissions from road dust suspension depend on a vehicle's speed, size, shape, porosity, amount of dust on road surfaces, and weather conditions. Considerable uncertainty remains regarding the amount of PM emitted by non-exhaust sources in real-world driving conditions and how this amount varies with the abovementioned factors. == Ways of reducing emissions ==

Ways of reducing emissions

Multiple scientists and regulators in the field have proposed more comprehensive regulation of tires. Lighter vehicles pollute less == Electric and hybrid vehicles ==

Electric and hybrid vehicles

Electric vehicles and hybrid vehicles with regenerative braking do not emit the same level of brake wear, but as of 2022 were heavier than ICE vehicles so still give off more coarse (PM10) particles from re-suspended road particles, road wear, and tire wear. ==Regulatory agencies and policies that target exhaust emissions==

Regulatory agencies and policies that target exhaust emissions

Very few agencies are charged with implementing exhaust emission standards for non-exhaust emissions. ==See also==

Source: Wikipedia ↗

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